micrococcus luteus biochemical tests

The genome of the Micrococcus is rich in guanine and cytosine, they typically exhibit about 65 to 75% GC-content. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. luteus is capable of surviving in environments 1. The two unifying characteristics of these four families are their coccoid shape and the fact that they stain purple in the Grams method for visualizing bacteria microscopically. Most of these are mesophiles; some, like Micrococcus antarcticus which is found in Antarctica, are psychrophiles. Bacillus megaterium fermented sugars but didn't grow in the anaerobic area of the butt. Micrococcus luteus has been shown to survive in oligotrophic environments for extended periods of time. Another test I did to identify my isolate was DNA analysis, described in lab handouts 5 and 7. 2. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and creamy yellow-pigmented colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days at 37C. The catalase test did return positive by bubbling, indicating that it does have the ability to break down the radical hydrogen peroxide into diatomic oxygen and hydrogen. The MacConkey agar showed very little growth, and did not have a change in color, indicating that the microbe was gram positive and not a fermenter. Micrococcus luteus are Gram-positive, to Gram-variable, motile -non motile, that are 0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter and usually arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters. I used an API Strep test to determine more of the sugars the bacteria could ferment. Table 1: Graph from Korona showing the percent reads of each organism, and to which taxonomic level. Another set of tests that I performed were physiological tests, including testing for oxygen class with fluid thyoglycate, checking for catalase using hydrogen peroxide, checking for cytochrome c oxidase using oxidase test strips, and using an API 20 E test strip to test for various different physiological traits such as Sulphur reduction, which had 20 different tests. Although of low virulence, the germs may become more pathogenic in patients with impaired resistance, colonizing the surface of, Difference Between Cyclic and Non Cyclic Photophosphorylation, Difference Between National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2020, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2019, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2018, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2017, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2016, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2015, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2014, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2013, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2020, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2019, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2018, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2017, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2016, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2015, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2014, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2013, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2012, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2011, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2010, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2009, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2008, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2007, ICSE Class 10 Biology Question Paper 2020, ICSE Class 10 Biology Question Paper 2019, ICSE Class 10 Biology Question Paper 2018, Difference Between Gram positive and Gram negative Bacteria, How are Cactus Adapted to Survive in a Desert - Overview and Facts, Areolar Tissue- Overview, Characteristics, Function and Types, Synovial Fluid - Function, Definition, and Structure, Immunoglobulin - Functions, Antibodies, Differences and Types, Vallisneria Plant- Overview, Structure and Function, Natural Disasters- Overview, Structure and Function, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. What are the Diseases that are Caused By Micrococcus? The Micrococcus strains isolated from various infections were most probably misclassified as staphylococci. The oxygen class and the gram positiveness of the microbe also matches up with that of Micrococcus luteus. I would hypothesise that because we clean our shower regularly, that most of the bacterium un the shower drain would come from people in my family taking a shower, and mostly be from the skin. Though today the immuno-compromised patients take the risk of the infection that has grown. Many of the tests did line up with M. luteus though, such as the fluid thyoglycate test, which showed that it was an obligate aerobe. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and usually non-pigmented or cream white colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days on the plate at 37C. The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. I kept the plate at room temperature for 7 days, and then selected a colony to purify using the pure culture streak plate method. Micrococcus luteus are Gram-positive, to Gram-variable, motile -non motile, that are 0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter and usually arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters. On top of that, most of the bacterium that were stained were gram negative, which conflicts with this result. We found this to be true because the filter paper turned blue, which showed that the species has the cytochrome c oxidase enzyme. Micrococcus luteusare Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads and larger than Staphylococcus. Micrococcus species are more sensitive to the Bacitracin while the staphylococci are resistant. They are likely involved in the biodegradation of many other environmental pollutants or detoxification. Hybridization studies show that there is no close genetic relationship between the species of Micrococcus bacteria. This presentation will focus on the laboratory tests useful for the differentiation among the families as opposed to the more complicated differentiation and identification of the organisms within the different genera. Growth or weak growth is observed at 45C, at pH 10, and in the presence of 10% sodium chloride (NaCl). Micrococcus is the Gram-positive cocci that are about 0.5 to 3.5 micrometres in diameter and usually, these are arranged in tetrads or in irregular clusters. Subscribe to our e-mail newsletter to receive updates. appear as agents of infection causing endocarditis. This bacterium is often arranged in the form of circular tetrads and it forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. It had 27,372 contigs in assembly. In the 1920s, Alexander Fleming described lysozyme as a bactericidal factor of human and other animal tissues and secretions.1 He also discovered and named a yellow bacterium, Micrococcus lysodeikticus (now M luteus), that was highly susceptible to lysozyme-mediated killing.After exploring the susceptibility of other bacteria to lysozyme, Fleming proposed that M luteus and certain other . This is a test for aerobic (able to use oxygen) catalase-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Micrococcus. I chose to sample bacteria from inside my roommates nose. They are found in soil, dust, water and air, and as part of the normal microbiota of skin. The categorization of bacteria in the clinical laboratory is based on the reactivity of the organism when stained by the Grams staining reagents. Micrococcus luteus This Gram positive coccus is found in tetrads, irregular clusters, and cubical packets of eight. Is Micrococcus luteus indole positive? In this presentation, we will discuss the fundamentals of the primary identification of those microorganisms that are members of four main families of Gram-positive cocci, the Micrococcaceae, the Staphylococcaceae, the Streptococcaceae, and the Enterococcaceae. all 3 tests done w/SIM deeps just add Kovac's reagent for Indole test Alcaligenes faecalis (left) - . It has been associated with causing a variety of illnesses including septic arthritis, meningitis, endocarditis, chronic cutaneous infections in HIV-positive patients, and catheter infections. Lastly, do not underestimate the variety of different genera in the four families of the Gram- positive cocci that can, under the right circumstances, move from relatively harmless saprophytes to disease-producing opportunists. Following incubation at 37oC, if the plasma forms a clot, the organism is coagulase positive. When looking back at all the data, it is fairly likely that the isolate is Micrococcus luteus, especially when looking at the fluid thyoglycate test, the colony morphology, and the antibiotic susceptibility. It can be easily be mistaken for staphylococci, as they are very similar morphologically and physiologically (Wikipedia, Staphlyococcus Aureus). When using a fluid thyoglycollate test it resulted in the isolate being a strict aerobe, with all of the bacterium being at the top of the medium where it is oxygenic. Micrococci have Gram-positive types of spherical cells that are ranging from about 0.5 to three micrometres in diameter and typically they appear in tetrads. M. luteus is an obligate aerobe (Medical Laboratories). It is essential for differentiating catalase-positive Micrococcaceae from catalase-negative Streptococcaceae. The colony morphology is the same as well, being round, shiny, and sort of flat (Medical Laboratories). M. luteus present on the human skin can transform compounds present in sweat into compounds with an unpleasant odour. This is termed alpha () hemolysis and results in a greenish color surrounding the colony. [3] Take a clean, scratch free glass slide. These discrepancies could be due to human error, unpure culture, or an old agar plate. // are gram-positive, oxidase-positive, and strictly they are aerobic cocci that are belonging to the family Micrococcaceae. The oxidase test was negative, as the strip did not change color at all, where it would have turned purple if it was positive. Notice that beta-hemolysis results in a total lysis or clearing of the agar in the area of colony growth. It is an aerobic exopolysaccharide producing bacteria that may be found on the skin, mouth and sometimes in the throat of mammals 13,14. Micrococcus luteus is generally harmless but can become an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised people or those with indwelling catheters. Several uncommon strains produce raised colonies with translucent, depressed centers. The staphylococci are characterized by the formation of clusters of many cocci. Colony morphology, the elucidation of the characteristics of the growth of the bacterium on agar medium, in most cases trypticase soy agar containing 5% sheep blood (sBAP). Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. This can occur due to the presence of a reduced number of proteins that can bind to penicillin. The positive catalase result lines up with M. luteus (Public Health England). I hypothesized that it would be a bacteria commonly found in the nasal cavities and likely from the aforementioned phyla, so it would likely do best living in an aerobic, humid, and warm environment. Catalase is an enzyme produced by the organism to neutralize the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide in the environment of the cell. The microbiome of the nose. The colonies are a pale, translucent yellow, and are shiny when looked at in the light. I grew my isolated in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) for a week to prepare for DNA extraction. 2023 Universe84a.com | All Rights Reserved, Blog: Microbiology and infectious disease, Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Test: Introduction, Result, Unit, Normal Range, Test Method, Clinical Significance, and Keynotes, Anti -TPO Antibody: Introduction, Test Result, Unit, Normal Range, Assaying Method, and Keynotes, HPV Genes detection using Real-Time PCR: Introduction, Principle, Test Requirements, Procedure, Result Interpretation and Keynotes, Microbiology Reporting Techniques: Introduction, List of Templates, and Keynotes, Acetamide Utilization Test: Introduction, Composition, Principle, Test Requirements, Procedure, Result-Interpretation, Limitations, and Keynotes, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/887570/UK_SMI_ID_07i4.pdf, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrococcus_luteus, https://europepmc.org/article/med/14576986, https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553(13)01146-2/fulltext. Although of low virulence, the germs may become more pathogenic in patients with impaired resistance, colonizing the surface of heart valves. Alcaligenes faecalis Bacillus megaterium . After it was sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq at the UAF Core lab, I used the online program Base Space to analyze the reads that I got from sequencing. ? Cultures:- Nutrient broth cultures of Micrococcus luteus and Proteus vulgaris (young cultures) Procedure: Wet Mount Preparation . The metabolic pathways required for biomass production in silico were determined based on earlier models of actinobacteria. M. luteus is the majority of reads on the species level. In a temporal study by Kloos and Musselwhite (1975), it was found that micrococci usually constituted from 1 to 20% of the total aerobic bacteria isolated from the skin of the head, legs, and arms, but less than 1% of those isolated from the high bacterial density areas of the nares and axillae. In order to determine physiological characteristics of the culture such as cell shape, arrangement, and whether it was gram positive or negative, which helps determine the cell wall type of the microbe, I performed a gram stain. While every effort is made to ensure details distributed by Culture Collections are accurate, Culture Collections cannot be held responsible for any inaccuracies in the data supplied. It has been isolated from human skin. The tetrads of the micrococci, the grape like clusters of the staphylococci, and the pairs and/or chains of the streptococci are shown. // I used an oxidase test strip and water to determine if cytochrome C oxidase was present, and performed a catalase test to determine if catalase was present. If I were to continue researching this isolate, I would redo the API 20 E test strip with a fresh, active culture to ensure that it can reduce nitrate, and also the oxidase test to ensure that it does have cytochrome c oxidase present, which it should according to Public Health England. It has been isolated from human skin. Coagulase, which is an enzyme involved in the conversion of serum fibrinogen to fibrin, causes the clotting of plasma. I also grew it in a MacConkey (MAC) plate to see if it could ferment lactose and if it could grow with both crystal violet and bile salts to further confirm if it was gram negative or positive. The identification of three different biovars within the species M. luteus has the advantage that the three groups can be differentiated without nomenclatural changes having to be introduced. Some of the Micrococcus are pigmented bacteria, for example, M. roseus produces reddish colonies and M. luteus produces yellow colonies. See answer (1) best answer. Some are based on monoclonal antibodies, and others on simple, rapid . Micrococcus luteuswere discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming before he discovered penicillin in 1928. For example, M. luteus and M. lylae are 40-50% genetically different. The Micrococcus genus is known to be found on dust particles, in water, on skin and skin glands in vertebrates, and some species can be found in milk. Staphylococci were distinguished by their ability to form acid from glucose anaerobically and sarcinas by the formation of cubical packets. M. lylae can be distinguished from the closely related species Micrococcus luteus by lysozyme susceptibility, genetic composition, and the type of cell-wall peptidoglycan. The partial decomposition of the hemoglobin of the erythrocytes by a weaker hemolysin. Micrococcus luteus is a constituent of the normal human buccal bacterial flora which forms yellowish colonies and appears as a gram-positive coccus typically arranged in tetrads. Obtain a glucose fermentation tube. M. luteus can also cause septic shocks in immuno-compromised people. However, the most promising antibiotic regimen that is proposed for the treatment of the Micrococcus luteus seems to be a combination of amikacin, vancomycin, and rifampicin. Although many of the members of these families have low pathogenicity and are classified as causes of opportunistic infections, those organisms most often cited as pathogens are listed on this slide. This is a test commonly used when trying to identify Gram-negative enteric bacteria, all of which are glucose fermenters but only some of which produce gas. They occur in pairs, tetrads or clusters but not in chains. All pathogenic strains of S. aureus are coagulase positive whereas the nonpathogenic species (S. epidermidis for example) are coagulase negative. The organism itself is susceptible to almost all drugs, with a few strains being resistant to nitrofurantoin, macrolides and lincomycin (Public Health Canada). Simple biochemical tests like the one above have always been an important aid to identification of bacteria, because the different bacterial groups and species have characteristic metabolic activities. So far there are two genome sequences that have been done. Unlike other actinobacteria, M. luteus expresses only one resuscitation-promoting factor that is required for the emergence from dormancy and has few other dormancy-related proteins. This would be read K/NC. Defining characteristics of Micrococcus are the ability to aerobically produce acid from glucose glycerol, aesculin hydrolysis, arginine dihydrolase, major pigment production, motility, and conversion of nitrate to nitrite. M. luteus has the capability to show dormancy without the formation of spores. In conclusion, some of my results were inconclusive and conflicting. Micrococcus (pleural-micrococci) is free-living in the environment and also normal flora of the skin. If an organism is capable of fermenting the sugar glucose, then acidic byproducts are formed and the pH indicator turns yellow. Environmental Testing. Staphylococcus spp. At U.S. Micro Solutions, our microbiology laboratory is a licensed, accredited source for thorough and accurate environmental testing . CATALASE TEST: Catalases are enzymes that convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water and oxygen gas. It shows that it is mostly Actinobacteria, with some firmicules ,and proteobacteria mixed in (Figure 2). Each genus lends itself to a separate tutorial. [3] Its genome was sequenced in 2010 and is one of the smallest genomes of free-living Actinomycetota sequenced to date, comprising a single circular chromosome of 2,501,097 bp.[4]. Micrococcus luteus can synthesize the iso-branched and anteiso-branched alkenes by the head-to-head condensation of fatty-acid thioesters. As the microbe is gram positive this means that it has a large peptidoglycan layer and lacks a lipopolysaccharide layer. Habitat Micrococcus lives in a wide range of environments such as water, soil, and the dust whereas, Staphylococcus lives in the animal body. For example, Micrococcus varians is now known as Kocuria varians. A number of sophisticated tools are now available for clinical diagnosis. (2019, April 4). They are normal inhabitants of the human body and may even be essential in keeping the balance among the various . For example, M. luteus and M. lylae are 40-50% genetically different. The genera Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Sarcina were recognized. Discussion: When looking at all of the results for my isolate, they are not all consistent with Micrococcus luteus. The previous classification of these organisms was much simpler; however, with the use of more advanced genetic sequencing methods, these gram-positive cocci have expanded into 4 separate families and their associated genera. As mentioned, the type of hemolytic reaction produced on sBAP is a major clue toward the identification of the genus. M. luteus is found in the soil, dust, water, and human skin flora. Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive to Gram-variable, nonmotile, tetrad-arranging, pigmented, saprotrophic coccus bacterium in the family Micrococcaceae. Recent reports, however, confirm that micrococci may be associated with human infections, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. The API 20 Strep test I used came up with no conclusive results. 570 . Micrococcus also not able to ferment glucose anaerobically (negative) Reply. I am an associate professor in the Clinical Laboratory Science program at Wayne State University. View Biochemical Tests Lab Report.docx from BIOL 240 at University of Alaska, Anchorage. We were aiming to isolate a bacterium from this initial environmental sample by using repeated quadrant streaks to isolate single species colonies, therefore producing a pure culture that we could do a multitude of tests on which include Gram staining, genetic analysis and antibiotic testing along with many other tests. Results: Regarding the gram stain test, my isolate was gram variable, I ensured that the strain was fresh so that the age of the culture was the same throughout the test. The colony took 16 days to be purified. It is often larger thanStaphylococcus. The species Micrococcus luteus (Schroeter 1872) Cohn 1872 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Micrococcus, genus of spherical bacteria in the family Micrococcaceae that is widely disseminated in nature. View Online Copy of Unknown ID Chart.xlsx from BIOL 250L at University of South Carolina. Motility (Motile / Non-Motile) Non-Motile. Micrococcus Catalase Test: The catalase test facilitates the detection of the enzyme catalase in bacteria. Ans: Although it is a harmless saprophyte, Micrococcus luteus can act as an opportunistic pathogen. Thus, when dealing with Micrococcus infections, it usually takes several cultures that are being grown and examined before one realizes that Micrococcus is indeed the culprit. All of these are described in the lab 6 handout and were kept in the incubator at 38 degrees Celsius. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=887698104, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=890960280, An exploration into a pharmacists microbes, An exploration of microbes present in the blood of processed moose. They are also catalase-positive and often weakly oxidase-positive ( modified oxidase test positive). The colony forms as a yellow, shiny round blob.

South County Detention Facility Porterville Ca Jobs, Windows 11 Spotify Widget, How Do I Find My Popeyes Validation Code, Types Of Gamefowl Gaffs, Articles M