cessna 310 fuel bladders

Finally, the 285-hp versions will do just over 190 knots on 29 gph. In order to provide you with the best online experience this website uses cookies. LH MAIN EXTENDED RANGE . The fuel burn isn't much different than 470's to the 550's since whatever fuel gallons extra you burn, you usually are flying faster to make up the difference if we compared MPG. This was considered a middle-ground price at the time, but certainly, a jump from the Piper Apache sold for $40000. Turbocharged 310s can do 225 at max cruise. Shade the top surface of the wings whenever possible and strive to top off the fuel tanks after each flight since the fuel will moderate bladder surface temperatures by acting as a heat sink. Empty weight is of 2850 lbs, while gross weight sits at 4600 lbs. The excess is pumped back to the mains and overboard if there isnt room. This should be a mandatory investment for all R owners. Short field performance is great given the aircrafts size and weight. HOME | ABOUT | REPAIR | WARRANTY | DOCUMENTS | REQUEST FOR QUOTE. Sort By: . Some Cessna 310 owners have reported problems with the chrome cylinders originally provided by Continental on the O-470 family of engines. They had 240 HP Continental O-470 engines housed in very tight and aerodynamic (for the time) cowlings. The companys bet paid off: between 1954 and 1980, a total of 5449 Cessna 310 units were delivered to customers, including militaries at home and around the world. Windows were added and lengthened through the 310's gestation as well. Long Range. The result is that, at low speeds, a Cessna 310 equipped with them has a more gradual, smooth transition into a stall instead of snapping into it. The engines are Continental Model IO-520-Ms and are rated at 285 horsepower each. It is fairly long and spindly, and more delicate than that of some other airplanes. top. The Cessna 310 saw plenty of experimentation in its design. Breaking with its practice of tacking on a different letter each year, Cessna stuck with the 310Q and T-310Q for five years. Your airplane parts headquarters for everymulti-engine Cessna Aircraft built since 1955! Aircraft: Cessna 182B. An optional large baggage door was introduced on the 310P. Payloads were a strong selling point of the Cessna 310, with a useful load of 2000 lbs or above depending on the model and fuel quantity. The most recent type-specific AD, 90-02-13, covers the main landing gear barrel inner bearings. tanks because the engine driven fuel pumps feed more fuel to the engines than they can use except at the highest power settings. Flying an aircraft with a weakened bladder negates this safety feature. Newer model 310s benefited from a one-year warranty on the airframe, the avionics, and the engine. If this is done properly, trouble can be avoided, but failure to treat the gear right increases the odds of failure dramatically. A 1981 Piper Aztec (250 HP engines) about $157,000. A new bladder should provide good service for at least 20 years and much longer if you take steps to keep the top surface of the bladder cool. Re: Cessna Fuel Bladder replacement, 180/182. The tip tanks are made from aluminum and contain two pumps, auxiliary and transfer. Whether these make it hard to deal with depends on your point of view. The 310 is an all metal, four/six-place, low wing, twin engine airplane and is equipped with retractable tricycle landing gear. Greaser! Compare this to the Beech light twins, which began with 180-hp Lycomings in the Travel Air and culminated (imploded, some say) with a pair of turbocharged 380-hp monsters in the 56TC. 1959 saw the first big change in the 310, with the switch to fuel-injected 260 HP Continental IO-470D engines and another rise in gross weight This airplane was dubbed the 310C. Before choosing the option to send out for repair or install new, the leaking bladder must be inspected to determine the best course of action. For some reason, Cessna decided to designate the tip tanks as the mains, and the wing tanks as the auxiliaries. Its not unusual for the actual fuel capacity of a bladder and the capacity written in the owners manual or the aircraft flight manual (AFM) to differ. Beyond the broader clubs, a popular option among Model 310 owners is The Twin Cessna Flyers. An additional cabin window was introduced with the Model 310F. Stalls on the Cessna 310 are not described as particularly nasty but are still not quite as gentle as on Cessnas high-wing singles. The Cessna 310 grew up quickly. If there's an aspect of the 310's handling qualities likely to catch a novice pilot out, it is single-engine procedures near the runway. A new bladder for our sample Cessna 182 was quoted at $850, however their Website catalog listed it at over $1000. Answer: The nominal range for an early Cessna 310 is 870 nautical miles, but this can be significantly expanded with additional fuel tank options. Cessna part 1200065-1 As the maximum weights increased, the single-engine climb rate decreased; the T310R, at its 5,500-pound maximum, is supposed to ascend at 390 fpm at sea level with one feathered. Maximum boost for a sea-level takeoff is a moderate 32 inches. Cells are evaluated, repaired, and returned to service in accordance with US AIRFORCE TO-1-1-3 or NAVAIR 01-1A-35. Radio navigation initially included LORAN gear, but the networks demise with the emergence of satellite navigation systems has made it little more than ballast for most pilots. Also, consider it a bonus if the airplane is fitted with retrofit Cleveland brakes; the original Goodyears are known to be somewhat troublesome and expensive to maintain. Cushioning the edges of the access hole with tape lessens the chances of damaging the bladder during removal (and installation) and reduces the amount of skin rubbed raw while working through the hole. After the bladder is in and is deemed ready, I like to fill the tank in five-gallon stepswith the airplane on level ground and the landing gear struts and tires at normal inflationfor two reasons. Whether the difference is worth it depends on the desired operational profile, which stands true today where the difference in used prices has kept the same proportions. We took the plane to a shop in the area with a good reputation for Cessna service. Cessna didnt stop there. It can be a way to cut back on labor costs if an owner/pilot is comfortable in their technical abilities and savvy about working on one of the most important systems on their Cessna. This disruption was not the end of the Model 310, however. When fuel starvation shuts down an engine, the silence is mighty loud. A recurring minor squawk is minor oil leakage from the rocker covers; a problem that has lessened since replacing the cork gaskets with silicone. If an owner came to me asking me to help him repair a bladder tank or approve a field repair of a bladder tank Id say no because I dont believe the parts are available nor is the data sufficient to ensure a safe field repair. When cruising around 170 KTAS, it is possible to attain a fuel burn of 25 gph, which works out to around four hours in the air plus reserves. Those big tip tanks were originally designed as a safety feature. So if you have a right-side locker, you will have to draw down the right main by at least 20 gallons to make room for the locker fuel and then crossfeed the left engine to minimize lateral imbalance from those extra 120 pounds now out on the right wing tip. One simple tool that every Cessna owner should use before every flight is a fuel quantity dipstickits a surefire way to determine if the floor of the bladder is out of position and to determine the actual fuel level in bladder tanks. Another aspect of the gear that deserves mention is the brakes. Cessna 310: Still the Sky King? A choice of IO-520 or Voyager IO-550s is offered. The props are subject to a couple of ADs: these include the infamous McCauley prop inspection AD (95-24-05) and 94-17-3, repetitive inspection of the prop hub grease fittings. The airplane can cover roughly 500 NM in still air with max payload. To support buyers I offer a 310 information package [Ed. During the more critical phases of flight like take-offs and landings, these make for a much safer ride for the pilot, particularly in emergencies like a single-engine failure. We can make life a lot easier for you if you own a Twin Cessna! Bladders work fine if they're properly installed and cared for. Removing and replacing a bladder is not a difficult process. (We do not part out singles.). The pilot can read the tanks not being used by toggling a switch. Cessna 210. The 310s system on airplanes with all the optional tanks is certainly more complicated than most, and it does have a number of idiosyncrasies not shared by other airplanes. The 310 was built through the 1957 model year. VGs are also available from Robertson. What started as a five-place twin became a six-placer with 1963s 310H. Thanks to the long life of the airplane and the many changes made to it, an almost bewildering array of choices exist for the 310 buyer. This group offers advice and knowledge sharing across all parts of the ownership process, from finding the right Cessna 310 to buy to maintenance or flying tips. I knew that I would be replacing the engines, and decided that the spoilers would help assure making it to TBO. Another tip from the 310 experts: To offset the nose-up pitching moment upon deploying the split flaps, select gear-down simultaneously. General opinion of the IO-470 has always been good, and it seems the model has performed quite well in the 310. This can be managed by either stabilizing the aircraft with rudder inputs or temporarily switching to the main (wingtip) tanks. Cleveland offers brake sets that can be retrofitted in lieu of the original Goodyear ones, which are more expensive to maintain on the long run. The general Cessna group of choice is the Cessna Pilots Association (www.cessna.org, (805) 922-2580). One of the earmarks of the line's changes concerns horsepower. 1975 Cessna T-310R airplane for sale located in Orlando, Florida. The Eagle website contains a long list of hints to make installation and removal easier, and I can tell you that making the bladder more flexible by heating it is a help. Used parts- We've parted out over 350 Cessna twins, from 303 thru 441. All parts are stored in modern warehousing, to preserve their quality. Put your ear down by the filler cap and open it. tens of thousands for twins. We also sat down with a warm stack of service difficulty reports and discovered that the 310's gear system is, quite literally, its Achilles' heel. Also worth noting are exhaust-related corrosion problems, particularly on early airplanes with over-the-wing augmentor exhaust systems. Prices have a very smooth increase between variants, starting at a mere $30000 for early aircraft and going up to $148000 for a turbocharged Cessna T310R, according to the 2019 issue of the Aircraft Bluebook. The Cessna 310 is one of the classics of general aviation, enjoying a 27-year production run during which it served as Cessnas answer to the Beech Baron, Piper Aztec, Commander 500, and Aerostar. More than half of the reports target the main gear. https://www.cessnaflyer.org/cessna-twins/cessna-310/item/1315-the-cross-country-capable-cessna-310.html, https://www.aopa.org/go-fly/aircraft-and-ownership/aircraft-fact-sheets/cessna-310, https://www.aviationconsumer.com/used-aircraft-guide/cessna-310-2/, https://www.risingup.com/planespecs/info/airplane399.shtml, https://bwifly.com/cessna-310-insurance-cost/, Bombardier Challenger 300 Guide and Specs. These tanks are bladder-type cells located between the spars in the outboard wing. I have an Insight Gemini 1200 Graphic Engine Monitor, and the cylinder head temperatures never exceed 350 degrees on the hottest day, leanest mixture, and highest settings used. A fully equipped 310 with wing locker tanks can have up to ten fuel drain points, eight fuel pumps and a rather complex plumbing system. The 310 was the companys only twin for several years. I think it would sure be worth putting those drains in while I'm changing the bladder. Older tuna-tank models had a lot of problems with their fuel bladders, but this was dealt with through an AD. The Model 310Q and its turbocharged version, the T310Q, redesigned the cabins rear to include a new window design. This means in his day-to-day, he lives and breathes all things aviation. New bladders cost between $800 and $1,000 apiece; refurbishing costs one-quarter to half as much as new. All those tanks can carry a great deal of fuel, making for six-hour endurance in later models. Preheating on cold days, a cool climb speed and slow descent along with 50-hour oil and filter changes will save downtime and money. These tanks are bladder-type cells which supplement the main tank fuel quantity. In 1959, shortly after the types introduction to the market in 1954, Cessna began offering the Model 310C equipped with the uprated IO-470-D engines, featuring fuel injection and with an output of 260 hp. We are a collective group of airline instructors, and pilots dedicated to all things aviation. By the 310I, cubic feet available certainly began to exceed the lifting and weight-and-balance capacity of the airplane. Despite its recent appreciation, I believe the 310 remains one of the best values on the used aircraft market. The new FAA certified 900-HP Daher Kodiak 900 turboprop single combines TBM 960 and Kodiak 100 DNA into one airplane. Cessna 310 pilots have instruments displaying fuel flow, quantity, and low-level light. This combination permits me to leave the power at 55% (my typical cruise setting) and still descend at 700 to 1000 fpm without exceeding 155 knots. I also had to remove the tank sump quick drain fittings and the fuel quantity transmitter and float. It is broadly accepted that the true competition to the Cessna 310 came in 1970 when Beechcraft introduced their new twin-engine six-seater in the shape of the Beech 58 Baron. During its early years, the Model 310 was sold for $59400. Presumably, the canted tanks were to improve lateral stability by imparting additional wing dihedral. The market treats the various 310s pretty evenly: theres no real marked jump with model changes as often happens. Speed has always been a strong 310 selling point, for good reason. The fuel pickup from the mains is at the rear of the tank, which means that it wont get picked up properly during descent. Then I renewed the bay tape where necessary. Condition. For one thing, the all-electric gear is not particularly quick to stow. The 1976 T-310 with most options can only hold four normal-sized passengers. Cessna entered the light-twin market a clear overdog in late 1954. Last year my factory gold medallion remans were about 50 hours past TBO when the latest McCauley prop AD for this model left me with no realistic choice but to replace both props. Ells is the owner of Ells Aviation and lives in Paso Robles, Calif. with his wife Audrey. However, this connection returns fuel only to the main tank on the same side as the engine. The Twin Bonanza, in turn, had a rather short life in the market and lingered on primarily as a military trainer, but its performance and high operational costs made it unable to compete with the Cessna 310. Prompt Quotes - Big Discounts - 95% Same-Day Shipment. Most of these problems can be traced to a lack of proper maintenance and/or hard usage. The Barons cabin seating and additional door is a plus that I wish the 310 could match, but six passengers can ride in my 310 much more comfortably than in a Baron or a Seneca with club seating. Call us today at 1-817-453-8829 for Fuel Bladder Repair! The gap for the turbo models is similar. Another scenario goes like thisPilot: Top off the mains, please. The BTC-39 bladder cant be repaired and must be inspected every 100 hours for leakage in accordance with AD 78-05-06 until its removed from service. The speed vane housing the Hobbs meter on the bottom of the right wing is a small tab that is compressed by airflow, but due to its diminutive size and sleek profile, and many owners have accidentally snagged it into inoperability. Non-turbocharged models were on offer for around $200000. Power is provided by the Continental O-470 family of engines for most models, though not exclusively. About every six hours I am on my back under the airplane cleaning the areas in the line of fire aft of the exhaust augmentors. One significant difference was the switch from overwing from underwing exhaust on the 310I, and the accompanying introduction of wing lockers. The Hartzell three-blade propellers have also been commonly installed in regular Cessna 310 units without further engine modifications. The typical buyer is coming out of a high performance single, and the 310 is to be their first twin. Flap deployment speeds were gradually raised, starting at 140 knots until the Model 310K increased it to 155, while the 310R could drop them at 160 knots. Landing gearThe other 310 system that gets a lot of attention is the landing gear. A leaking fuel bladder. Unlike many airplanes with long production runs, the 310 went through steady refinement over the years, with a slew of designation letters following the model number. The main reason I went with Eagle fuel cells is because they are made from Nitrile that is happy with ethanol. If you need to get above weather or take advantage of winds at altitude, this plane still climbs well at 18- to 20000 feet, while the normally aspirated 310 runs out of steam at about 10- to 12000. The early Cessna 100 series and 200 series service manuals do contain parts and procedure information for field repairing leaking fuel tanks. Cessna fuel selector valve kit 0311070-1 Our PPFSV5 fuel selector valve kit for the 0311070-1 valve, which is common on the Cessna 180, 182, 190, 195, 310 and 320 models. Costs have been going up, but that speaks more of trends in general aviation economics. For those who experienced them, whether the problems have been rectified or not seems to depend on the shops responsible for scheduled maintenance. Where some versions of the TSIO-520 have been pushed to 325 hp, the 310's engines are practically loafing at 285 hp. The auxiliary tanks, in turn, are fuel bladders placed between the wing spars and the outboard part. The latest is a 1976 T-310, purchased new. Cabin size was increased, along with gross weight. Cessna flyers are part of the largest general aviation family in the world and have access to massive clubs as a result. The spoilers can be deployed at any speed, and the POH permits using 15 degrees of flaps below 160 knots. The popular 400 series followed in 1965 with the ill-fated 411. More than 5,400 were built, and there are several major variations. The RAM engines have settled in and have about 200 hours on them. Climb, speed, and range performance on the 58 Baron was on par with the 310s. The two largest clubs that cater for just about all Cessna models are the Cessna Owner Association and the Cessna Flyer Association. Answer: Today, a Cessna 310 typically costs anywhere between $30000 and $150000 depending on the aircrafts age, state, and fit. Yes, we're talking tuna tanks, those slightly clunky vessels at the ends of the wings, slated to hold 50 gallons of fuel each. Call us at 1-800 . Basic empty weight started at 2840 pounds for the original. Related Products for Cessna 310 1975. Please login to continue enjoying members-only content. Engine-out performance is better than average, with normally aspirated single-engine rate of climb pegged at anywhere from 330 to 380 FPM, depending on model. Then Cessna installed auxiliary tanks in the wings, good for an extra 40 total gallons. A proper check during the pre-buy is sufficient for prospective buyers to avoid surprises, while current owners should keep close attention during inspections and do preventive work whenever issues are found. Finally, the auxiliary tanks were enlarged once more, in 1973, to 63 gallons total. Treated properly, the turbos will go beyond engine TBO. My advice to 310 buyers: Treat the acquisition process seriously. I've flown mine 4.5 hours but I have IO-470's. You'll hit bladder limits before airplane range limits. According to owners and mechanics, the 470s live a long and happy life under 310 cowls, and the number of service difficulty reports slated for the 470-powered airplanes is proportionally lower than for the IO-520 and TSIO-520 versions. If you are already a member, please log in. Local Pickup. This has kept prices down over time. Three-ten shoppers (and pilots) would do well to sit down with a jug of coffee and a good reading lamp and bone up on this airplane's fuel system. The Insight GEM is a valuable addition and permits more accurate leaning by far than a single probe system. Early production models up to 1964 are known to have a noisier cabin than other units. If the pulled up section is near the wing root the float part of the fuel level sensor will also be pulled up, and the fuel gauge readings will be wrong. Of course I dont push the engines to the maximum, and find that I can cruise at 25.5 to 26 inches, 2200 RPM, with a fuel flow at altitudes in the low teens of about 13.5 to 14 GPH and still keep the EGTs below 1520 degrees. Flying the Cessna 310 is, on the other hand, a pleasure. As with most companies products, sourcing spare parts for the Cessna 310 is a relatively painless affair. Seeing a gap in the market wide open, Cessna Aircraft Company, at the time led by Dwane L. Wallace, made its move with the Cessna 310. Combined with the relative fragility of the gear, these can be a real problem. (Before my time at the club) Aircraft has been hangered the entire time. The Cessna 310's full-fuel payload varies depending upon the model, equipment and fuel tank arrangement. Annuals have averaged $1500-2000, which may seem low-but not unrealistic if you look for an airplane that has been flown and maintained in a consistent manner. This stops the flow of air into the tanks thats needed to offset the vacuum created as fuel flows out of the tank during flight. However, the turbos are relatively small, and power is down to 55 percent by 25,000 feet at the maximum recommended cruise rpm of 2,350. Cessna 182. Prior to installing the new tank I spent quite a bit of time cleaning the bay to remove any fuel stains and dirt. Ells also loves utility and bush-style airplanes and operations. Cessna was moving aggressively into the business market, and the 310 was a key part, and first element, of that plan. It applies to the 310, 340 and all piston-powered 400 series Cessnas except those with trailing link main gear. - We've parted out over 350 Cessna twins, from 303 thru 441. The cockpit features an elevator trim indication with a mark noting the take-off setting, and for a good reason. Production ran from 1954 to 1980, with a total of 5449 Model 310 units produced, plus 577 of the Cessna 320. In 1954, Cessnas entire model line consisted of the 170, 180 and 195; so, the 310 represented a giant leap forward for the company. The result is an Belvoir Media Group, LLC. We noted several cases of full or partial gear collapse thanks to parts failures. Jamie's partner also works in aviation as a mechanical engineer. The airplane can also be a handful to fly, though pilots note that with proper training and due diligence, it can make a good IFR platform. One of Cessna's great triumphs through the decades has been the success in making transitions up through the line relatively painless for pilots. Cessna part 1200065-2 $1,485.00 Choose Options sku: EA-1200065-1E Fuel Cell, LH Main Tank. 1976 Cessna 182P in very good condition located in Southern California presently at KAJO Corona, CA Airport. Surprisingly, very few people know what zero-fuel weight is. According to information on both Eagles and FFCs websites, only the US-943 is a candidate for repair. Next time, Ill polish the outside surface of each tube with a scouring pad and lube the tube with a little light oil to lessen friction. LoadingUp through the 310G, the series is about average for baggage space (about average means frequently having to carry some in the cabin). In 1987 over Delta, Utah a pilot unfamiliar with the fuel system crashed because he thought the mains were in the wings and the auxes at the tips. It is easy to load the airplane, and roughly the same luggage and people which will fit in a full size Chrysler Minivan will fit in the 310, although fuel must be sacrificed to avoid departing over gross. The 310R also boasted an improved landing gear, though it was still not as rugged as many would like. Construction - Extra grade fabric used most times best suited for Jet A. The first 310s, built in 1954, were sold as 1955 models. Owner CommentsI have owned three turbocharged Cessna 310s. Pulsing exhaust gases in the augmenters were supposed to create a suction of cooling air through the cowling, on the premise that at high power, more suction would be created and therefore cooling would be improved. Starting with pressure-carbureted 240-hp O-470 Continentals, the 310 gained real fuel injection and an additional 20 hp per side with the C model, in 1959. I did have some difficulty loosening the nipples connecting the tank to the fuel outlet and the fuel cell vent. Used Goodies!We have a nice supply ofthese systems and parts: Engine accessories of all types are in stock, along with many other rotables. This involved replacing the Continental IO-470 engines with the turbocharged intercooled Lycoming TIO-540, with an output of 350 hp. Turbo models in particular have failure-prone exhaust systems, and are subject to a 50-hour visual inspection AD, 75-23-8. Answer: The Cessna 310 does have limited cabin heating, but some owners have opted for aftermarket air conditioning, such as the Cool Air freon air conditioner system. Jamie comes from a long line of military and civilian pilots! This, of course, must be balanced against the extra hazard posed by single-engine operations when low and slow. Other recent and notable ADs include: 98-1-8, replacement of two-piece carb venturis with one-piece units; 97-26-17, ultrasonic inspection of the crankshafts with possible replacement; 96-12-22, repetitive inspections of the engine oil filter adapters; and 96-20-7, repetitive inspection of the combustion tubes on the Janitrol cabin heater. This is no Skyhawk. The pilot must remember to fly about 1 hour of fuel out of the mains before switching to aux. Cessna 182. I spoke with Aaron McCloskey, the senior sales representative at FFC who said that the repair cost for most tanks is between $200 and $400. Answer: It is considered one of the best in the twin-engine general aviation category due to its good handling and performance. All rights reserved. McCloskey said that repair is a good option since even the most extensive repair is less than half the cost of buying a new tank. I recalled from my days as a tech rep that the most common failure of a light airplane fuel bladder is age-related deterioration of the top surface due to long-term exposure to heat. And although the system worked, exhaust gases, being quite corrosive, wreaked havoc on the wing structure. Fuel Cells / Bladders; S/N 18253599 & Up; S/N 18253599 & Up. The one problem is that Cessna advertises the 310 as a six-place airplane. Cessna 310 filter applied; see all. Noise level, engine wear, and fuel flow are all reduced. RAP provides a fast response time with very extensive aircraft fuel cell repair capabilities. View cart for details. Classified Ad with Best Offer. A Model 310B tops off at 7700 ft, whereas a Model T310R can reach a whopping 17200 ft with an engine feathered. Advertised as at least five years ahead of its competitors, the headline of the Flying magazine article about its introduction was Business Asked For It.. Commit to excellent maintenance and pilot proficiency and youll enjoy one of general aviations great airplanes. This model drew upon the established 55 Baron and added a stretched fuselage, paired with the same O-470 family that powered the Cessna 310. Early models had Goodyears, which caused some problems. Obstruction or Icing of Static Source. The 1960 Model 310D had a useful load of 1750 lbs, compared to the 2153 lbs achievable in the 1978 Cessna 310R. Paul pointed out a major advantage of Eagle's STC'd fuel drains/test ports. Membership gets you a newsletter and the right to attend well-worthwhile seminars on operations. . Remember, also, that the cost of maintaining an airplane like the 310 is keyed more to its health and the price of parts than the purchase price. Cessna's landmark twin also begat a larger turbocharged model, the 320, in 1963, and provided the basis for the pressurized 340. Aside from the nose gear idler bellcrank, the gear displays a variety of problems associated with torque tubes, support brackets and trunnions. Designed to shear off in the event of a crash, the tips were the only tanks until the 1958 B model. Two major downsides of the Beechcraft offering were the narrow cabin, a holdover from the much smaller Beech 36 Bonanza, and the considerably higher price: in 1980, the base price for the Cessna 310R was $200000, compared to $300000 for a standard-fit Baron. Long Range. Cessna service manuals refer to BTC-39 cells by Goodyear and US-907, US-943 and US-932 bladders by U.S. Rubber. For more than five decades, active and dedicated aircraft owners and pilots have turned to AVIATION CONSUMER to answer their most important buying questions. Single-engine service ceiling went up with the turbo models, to 17,200 feet in the T310R; a 310B could hold 7,700 feet on one engine.

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