pros and cons of descriptive representation

The researcher usually has high level of control over research variables. Race and turnout: Does descriptive representation in state legislatures increase minority voting? In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance . Critical Mass and Women's Substantive Representation Women's descriptive representation and the literature that addresses the means by which more women might be elected to national office involve, at face value, number-based models. RT @Kennedy_School: According to a recent study by @HKS_PeopleLab researchers, including HKS's @ElizabethLinos, government communications c, Join @ipinst @swiss_un & @INTGenderChamps for a discussion on Using Innovation & Technology to Ad. Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. The analysis demonstrates that similar to other public policy spaces, descriptive representation in the administration of elections matters. I consider the essentialist line of reasoning as unsustainable because it pays little attention to differences among women. In addition to elected officials, descriptive representation can contribute to how legitimate citizens view the actions of bureaucrats (when black citizens are stopped by black police officers, they are more likely to perceive their actions aslegitimate) and encourage involvement in government (when there are more blacks in public institutions, the likelihood ofinvolvement by blacks increases). That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. The American Political Science Review, 84, 377393. At the same time, greater inclusion can also lead toward higher levels of extremism within the government, while encouraging more gridlock if the political parties are unable to find a pathway toward compromise. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45(1), 91. Pros: 1. A: MMP or mixed-member proportional representation is a political system used in places like New Zealand and Germany, where voters cast a two-part ballot, selecting both a preferred local. 2. When determining whether or not legislators are representing their constituents' interests, scholars using voting studies may overstate the role of strategic factors, such as reelection goals and constituent influence, while understating the effect of descriptive characteristics. The main difference between descriptive and substantive representation is that in descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent, whereas, in substantive representation, representatives focus on the issues of a particular group. Naturalistic observation is around us and can used by the ordinary person to a psychologist in extensive research. pros and cons of descriptive representation. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in A contingent yes. In this paper, I analyse the pros and cons of the latter. Descriptive representation in legislatures and political alienation among latinos. They basically consist of making a description of the variables to be measured in a phenomenon, and analyzing the incidence at the time that event occurs. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip-tive representation most useful. Amazons Mechanical Turk is an online system through which workers can complete short tasks for compensation. Some examples of descriptive investigations may be the following: Studying the penguin population that exists in the South Georgia Islands is a descriptive investigation that answers the what and where. what does silent notifications mean; why is there a shortage of paper towels again? Dawson, M. C. (1995). Explore a selection of resources that raise the visibility of transgender people and address issues members of the community face. Pantoja, A. D., & Segura, G. M. (2003). To achieve this task, the researcher can choose between two different types of research designs, which have specific characteristics that differentiate them from each other. " The Pros and Cons of Gender Quota Laws: What Happens When You Kick Men Out and . Indiana University, 210 Woodburn Hall, 1100 East Seventh Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA, You can also search for this author in For notable exceptions, see Tate (2003) and Casellas and Wallace 2015). Talking about politics: Gender and contextual effects on political proselytizing. In a proportional representation system, if the party wins 50% of the vote over 12 districts, then 6 seats would be awarded to them from the election results. Constructing successful ways to reach goals necessary to make something as small as possible in the event of medication errors and patient safety. 0. Oxford: Oxford University Press. In addition, it is possible to present a hypothesis and to expand the degree of knowledge about the event under investigation. To carry out a descriptive research, it is necessary to know in advance the variables that will be analyzed, since this type of research is not dedicated to the search for variables, but to their study. The figure below presents the difference in the likelihood of a voter believing that their ballot, ballots locally, and ballots across the state are counted accurately with and without the presence of descriptive representation. Descriptive representation is the concept that those who represent the American people should not only have the same political interest, but should also mirror the demographic makeup of the people. ; ; . Here are some of the key pros and cons of proportional representation to think about and discuss. Schwindt-Bayer, L. A., & Mishler, W. (2005). An American who represents themselves in court has a fool for a client, according to an old story told about former President Abraham Lincoln. So it can be said that fundamentally numerical values are obtained. Disadvantaged groups gain advantages from descriptive representation in at least four contexts. Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. Thequalityof poll workers,experienceswith voting equipment and technology, andevaluationsof polling locations can all affect how confident citizens are in elections. par | Juin 16, 2022 | east bridgewater town election 2021 | valleydale hot dogs | Juin 16, 2022 | east bridgewater town election 2021 | valleydale hot dogs (2010). This type of research is often used in the social sciences, but can be used in other disciplines as well. 2. 2. Some of the providers that are notified about the pregnancy, they stop giving the medication to the pregnant woman. In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. By conducting research and engaging with faculty and students at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond, the fellows enrich the intellectual life of the center. The Journal of Politics, 59(01), 73103. It is easier to make decisions and go further for data analysis. This is particularly true in federal elections when the more than 3,000 counties, parishes, and boroughs in the United States individually conduct elections that are used to determine outcomes for the states in which they are embedded and the nation as a whole. British Journal of Political Science, 39(01), 141162. The research can utilize methods such as surveys, observation, field experiments, interviews and number analysis. Congresswomen and symbolic representation. Latinos and substantive representation in the US House of Representatives: Direct, indirect, or nonexistent? Although the analysis focused on black Americans, descriptive representation more than likely matters for other racial and ethnic groups who often do not see themselves reflected in the street level bureaucrats they regularly encounter. Watch the livestream here: https://t.co/JVFHDCOYJv, Many of us look at conflict as something wed rather avoid than engage in confidently. However, descriptive research can also be limiting. 3. ; ; Social Science Quarterly, 84(2), 441460. In traditional elections, there are safe seats present for incumbents. American Politics Quarterly, 25(1), 118133. Harvard Kennedy School It enables both the collection of quantitative data and qualitative data. In the administration of elections, poll workers serve as the face of elections and are the street level bureaucrats that voters interact with most. Lombardo, E., & Meier, P. (2014). Amazons mechanical turk a new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? The Journal of Politics Horizontal Communication The symbolic representation of gender: A discursive approach. Posted on June 16, 2022 June 16, 2022 Under a standard system of proportional representation, voters are able to cast a single transferable vote, or an STV. There may even be safe states in U.S. presidential elections since most states award all electoral votes to the majority candidate. The substantive results are unchanged when we run the analyses on each dependent variable separately. Abney, F. G., & Hutcheson, J. D. (1981). Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data (Sharma, 2019). Descriptive statistics comprises the statistical methods dealing with the collection, tabulation and summarization of data, so as to present meaningful information. Making Elections Accessible and Meaningful Providing Incentives for Conciliation Facilitating Stable and Efficient Government Holding the Government Accountable Holding Individual Representatives Accountable Encouraging Political Parties Promoting Legislative Opposition and Oversight Making the Election Process Workable and Sustainable Race, political empowerment, and minority perceptions of judicial fairness. As long as a party receives enough of a proportional vote to equal one seat, they will be represented within the government at some level. While Engaged Fatherhood for Men, Families and Gender Equality. Under proportional representation, everyone would have an opportunity to have their views represented in their government in some way. Apr 10, 2015. The alternative is to gather a random sample and then use the methodologies of inferential statistics to analyze the . McCrone, D. J. In the following paragraphs, I will describe the behavior I wished to observe in my chosen laboratory, the results that I obtained, and I will have provided a detailed explanation of my observation method used. Du Bois Review, 2(02), 227246. ; . Why people obey the law: Procedural justice, legitimacy, and compliance. While it stands to reason that voters are more confident when candidates who areaffiliatedwith their political party win, what voters experience while casting a ballot can also contribute to their confidence in elections. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. This may help you better understand research findings, whether reported in the mainstream media, or when reading a research study on your own. For instance: watching a person (or people) order food, hold a door open for another person, or greet someone would be considered a few examples of naturalistic observation. It allows you to collect data in a natural environment that gives high-quality and honest data collection. Explore all the programs, projects, and initiatives at the Women and Public Policy Program. The aim is to show that the moral . Princeton: Princeton University Press. Political Behavior In this paper, we employ a novel experimental design to investigate how citizens feel about the relative importance of descriptive and substantive representation. & Kuklinski, J. H. (1979). The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more . An experimental comparison study in which participants are allocated to treatment/intervention or control/placebo groups using a random mechanism (see randomisation). Social Science Quarterly, 88(5), 11061123. In this article, we will explore the benefits and limitations of descriptive research and when it is the most appropriate research method to use. Candidate gender and womens psychological engagement in politics. A re-assessment of the concept of political support. Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. When Descriptive Research is the Right Choice In addition, it obtains information on the phenomenon or situation to be studied, using techniques such as observation and survey, among others. The SPAE is a national survey that is used to gauge the quality of the election experience. The results of the analysis suggest that black voters whose primary interaction on Election Day is with a black poll worker express greater confidence that their ballot, ballots across their local jurisdiction, and ballots across their state are counted accurately. However, if researchers want to understand why something is happening, they may need to use other research methods. In most cases, descriptive research gets data on quantities, notqualities. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Some of the most important are listed below. So if we did a study on say How many gangs are in Los Angeles? This will give us an answer of how many of something, like a situation that is being studied. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. Gomez( 2006)argues naturalistic observations of primates show that how certain objects is intrinsic part of primate lives, from simple food collecting process as taking certain organic fruits. RSVP required: https://t.co/WHADcFVR4h, RT @HarvardIOP: JUST ANNOUNCED: Join @AbigailDisney, @KathyHughesFilm, @RebeccaReCap, Artemis Bell, and @SharBlock next Tuesday as they dis. Vincent. Get rigorous, evidence-based strategies to advance gender equity right in your inbox. Hansen, S. B. Research questions are the first step to takebefore starting to study something that intrigues us. They are a concern whether a medication can cause damage to the fetal. When black constituents have black representatives in the U.S. House of Representatives, theyrate their representativeshigher than blacks with white representatives. First, the effects of a politician's race is likely to The seldom receive access to the majority coalition and rarely earn an absolute majority, but there is always the possibility that their voiced opinions will gain traction with the general population. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates. Farmer's Empowerment through knowledge management. It reduces the effects of extremism in politics. 3. Naturalistic observations were used by Charles Darwin during his research on chimpanzee; nonetheless, Charles Darwin was so fascinated by observing how primates and humans are acting in similar ways and having influence to another. Page, B. I., Shapiro, R. Y., Gronke, P. W., & Rosenberg, R. M. (1984). It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. There were pre-determined characteristics that the researchers wrote down on a spreadsheet, however, specific behaviors were recorded as they happened (i.e., the type of reaction that resulted from each person who picked up the card). pros and cons of descriptive representation. People who were part of the study had experienced some medication error in their work unit, with dose errors being the most frequent and the number of staff giving to the event of medication errors. Naturalistic observation is valuable technique utilised as research method which are commonly employed by psychologist and social scientist. Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. When nondescriptive representatives have, for various reasons, greater 4. These respondents were excluded from analysis. Just 5 countries in the world today use a system that is based on plurality voting. Descriptive research is the right choice when researchers want to describe a phenomenon or situation. However, due to its low precision in forecasting, it is not possible to specify the causes and effects of the phenomenon studied. There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. 2. Article Degree of Control over Variables. Errors and Mistakes: Since graphical representations are complex, there is- each and every chance of errors and mistakes.This causes problems for a better understanding of general people. Casework. Descriptive research is a type of research that is used to describe a population or phenomenon. It allows us to not only understand human behavior but we can observes animals and even plants if we so desired, although that would be more or less useless including the data. Naturalistic observation is important in psychological research because it gives insight into the natural behaviors of people. (1999). Political Analysis, 20(3), 351368. . Rocha, R. R., Tolbert, C. J., Bowen, D. C., & Clark, C. J. The limitations of descriptive research include that it cannot explain why something is happening and may be biased. Google Scholar. Descriptive statistics on the dependent variables can be found in the Appendix (Supplementary material). Established in 1939 and published for the Southern Political Science Association, The Journal of Politics is a leading general-interest journal of political science and the oldest regional political science journal in the United States. For the case of the design of a descriptive investigation, most of the time it is necessary to obtain data that refers to the quantity. Although this research is highly accurate, it does not gather the causes behind a situation. descriptive representation pros and cons Sign in what are the 3 ps of dissemination. This type of design does not allow to establish causal relationships, since they do not have the possibility of controlling variables, and their internal validity is not very reliable. Politics of presence? I claim that a . Limits of Descriptive Representation. In addition to the important administrative role that they play, poll workers also contribute to the way voters view elections and their outcomes. (McLeod, 2015) In my opinion, controlled observation is the most accurate mothed to use when studying a subject, because professionals can control and account for different variables. One area of the voting experience that has received little attention is descriptive representation. This type of research is very useful when conducting studies, for example, when you want to know which brand of soda is most consumed in a supermarket, where you only want to know which is the most consumed, and not why it is the most consumed. Part of Springer Nature. This literature traces its roots to the work of Thibaut and Walker (1975). Current issues are now on the Chicago Journals website. Researchers often times are faced with the decision of choosing a methodology of research; either Quantitative or Qualitative that they think best fits their study and objectives. descriptive representation pros and consadvanced spelling bee words for adults. Several countries, since 2016, have elected representatives and leaders that have promoted isolationist views. Higher levels of education were associated with higher perceptions of fairness. Naturalistic Observation observing people in their natural setting. TheMIT Election Data and Science Labhelps highlight new research and interesting ideas in election science. There were 23 respondents who self-identified as Mixed Race, but they were not required to identify what combination of races they identify as. By understanding when descriptive research is the most appropriate research method to use, researchers can ensure that they are gathering the most accurate and comprehensive data possible. The models have parameters which may be useful in understanding the focus of the matter such as a mean, standard deviation of the variable and standard deviation of the mean as examples. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- . The article focuses on descriptive representation, which is a fundamental theoretical concept underpinning the introduction of gender quotas. Part of descriptive statistics is to characterize which model the variable presents to an observer. To obtain quantitative information, statistical and numerical study methodologies are used, where information about values such as weight, scale and years, among others, is obtained. That means the 49% of people who voted Republican will be represented by somebody for whom they did not vote. Public Opinion Quarterly, 48(4), 741756. Given the important role that poll workers play as the street level bureaucrats that voters encounter and the role that descriptive representation can play in legitimizing government, it stands to reason that for minority voters, interacting with a poll worker of similar racial identity will increase confidence in elections. 4. It encourages a coalition government. consumed. The Women and Public Policy Program and the Harvard Kennedy School are located on the ancestral, traditional, and contemporary unceded homeland of the Massachusett people, the surviving descendants of the first people of Massachusetts and of the Neponset band of the Massachusett. Gay, C. (2001). The case of the US courts. In light of recent administrative irregularities that have reduced the confidence thatblack votershave in elections, the value of seeing a reflection of oneself when entering the polling location to cast a ballot should not be minimized.

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