which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

Consider your parents for a minute. 17. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. b. prevention. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. a. gestalt b. object relations c. cognitive-behavioral d. self, 124. PDF Psychological Disorders Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another persons actions and ignore situational factors. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. 141. c. social networks. d. propositions. c. neurons. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. cognitive. This begs the question of how we can really know that they exist. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. b. unconditional self-regard. Humanists and existentialists both agree that: a. psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. d. bipolar disorder. Though not neurons, glial cells play an important part in helping the nervous system to be the efficient machine that it is. Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. 145. This situation places considerable stress on an individual and can lead to higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? a. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. d. classical conditioning. Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while . Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? But before these diagnostic categories b. modeling. The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. This approach to learning was called connectionism. An example was the attention I received for saying I was Chicken Little. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is: a. client-centered. A) illogical thinking patterns. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. c. superego. c. client-centered What is an important characteristic of group therapy? We started at resting potential in Step 1 and end at resting potential in Step 6. Amelia has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. a. to lessen the power of thoughts b. to stop the client from comparing himself or herself to others c. to decrease internal negative self-talk d. to increase awareness of why the client behaves a certain way. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. c. deep brain stimulation. First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? Which statement about paradigms is FALSE? Why is this? The development of personality. b. focusing on the here and now. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. 89. During CBT a therapist will actively work with a person to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and how they may be causing self-destructive behaviors and beliefs. CBT attempts to identify negative or false beliefs and restructure them. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? Psychodynamic techniques. So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. A) The humanistic-existential model B) The family-social perspective C) The cognitive model D) The psychodynamic model B The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model. c. sociocultural. a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. b. develop depression even when not under stress. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. For more on the role of genes in the development of mental illness, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201604/what-you-need-know-about-the-genetics-mental-disorders. 20. You have likely heard about Pavlov and his dogs, but what you may not know is that this was a discovery made accidentally. d. flight of ideas. 92. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: a. catharsis. b. genetic mutations. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. c. limitations of a focus on ethnicity. Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. That is the idea, at least. However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2.3.4.3. b. transference. 166. Albert Bandura conducted pivotal research on observational learning, and you likely already know all about it. Then, Jones gave the child some pleasant food (i.e., something sweet such as cookies [Panel C]; remember the response to the food is unlearned, i.e., Panel A). 84. There are two main ways they can present themselves. The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. b. PDF CHAPTER 71 Diagnosis and Classification Issues: DSM-5 and More The humanistic perspective focuses on positive regard, conditions of worth, and the fully functioning person while the existential perspective stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. b. 33. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. d. displacement. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? First, the response is made, and nothing happens. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. d. unconscious feelings of loss. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. d. Genes do not interact with the environment. b. biological forces, culture, and learning. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? And then we return to resting potential, as you saw in Figure 2.4. b. exposure therapy. This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. d. synapses. Figure 2.2. Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. b. ego. c. psychosurgery. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. a. Neurotransmitters are released. Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment. A primary focus of community-based mental health treatments is: a. education. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. 74. The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: a. spontaneity. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. Consider where students sit in a class. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. Gen psych chapter 13 - Subjecto.com b. self-actualization. c. cognitive-behavioral d. cognitive-behavioral. a. multicultural b. biological c. humanistic d. cognitive-behavioral, 136. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. A biological theorist studies a psychological disorder through the interconnectivity of an entire network of brain structures. What Is Abnormal Psychology? Definition and Topics - Verywell Mind c. superego. 79. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. Does extinction happen as soon as the anticipated reinforcer is removed? Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. b. secondary prevention. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. Models of abnormality - Wikipedia a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work. b. cultural. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. According to cognition-focused therapists, all of the following can be sources of abnormal thinking EXCEPT: a. illogical thinking. Think of it as an If-Then statement. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. 2.3.3.4. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? d. sociocultural. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. The answer is continuous. d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. 45. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. Interestingly, younger adults are more likely to develop SAD than older adults. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. To truly understand brain structure and chemistry, it is a good idea to understand how communication occurs within the nervous system. 107. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? 158. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. d. object relations. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. A story will illustrate the latter. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. The cognitive model focuses on schemas, cognitive errors, attributions, and maladaptive cognitions and offers strategies such as CBT, cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. 66. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. b. overgeneralization. As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. The response re-emerges. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: show unconditional positive regard for the client's statements. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. PSY470 Models of Abnormality - Running Head: BENCHMARK - StuDocu Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. Respondent conditioning. d. client-centered therapy. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? This is an example of behavior modification using: You are doing your best. b. insight. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? 67. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. projection. b. existential therapy. In terms of operant conditioning, strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. None of the models are complete within themselves. Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). d. it is too narrow in certain ways. 12. Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. The principle of multifinality emphasizes that: a. stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality. The ego has a challenging job to fulfill, balancing both the will of the id and the superego, and the overwhelming anxiety and panic this creates. d. existential. Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. c. ego. a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. b. existential. 2.4: The Sociocultural Model - Social Sci LibreTexts a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. b. superego. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. According to Mental Health America, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure in which a brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. Patients are placed on a padded bed and administered a muscle relaxant to avoid injury during the seizures. Which theory is based on the idea that people constantly evaluate and give meaning to their lives through their actions? b. social factors leading to stress. Recent research has discovered that autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia all share genetic roots. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. The uni-dimensional model proposes a single factor as the cause of psychopathology while the multi-dimensional model integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. 72. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. b. cognitive-behavioral What is learning? Module Overview. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her parent why she is angry. d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion.

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