how many hawksbill turtles are left in the wild 2020

[30] Important remnant nesting and foraging sites have since been discovered in Mexico, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Ecuador, providing new opportunities for research and conservation. In contrast to their traditional roles in other parts of the world, where hawksbills primarily inhabit coral reefs and rocky substrate areas, in the eastern Pacific, hawksbills tend to forage and nest principally in mangrove estuaries, such as those present in the Bahia de Jiquilisco (El Salvador), Gulf of Fonseca (Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Honduras), Estero Padre Ramos (Nicaragua), and the Gulf of Guayaquil (Ecuador). Living up to its name, Ko Tao is also a breeding ground for hawksbill and green turtles. They are usually seen resting in caves and ledges in and around these reefs throughout the day. It was reported to weigh only 27.8 kg, which is severely underweight for a turtle of that size. Caribbean and Florida nests of E. imbricata normally contain around 140 eggs. The Roti Island snake-necked turtle (Chelodina mccordi) is still hunted for food and is among the 15 most endangered turtles in the world. They instinctively crawl into the sea, attracted by the reflection of the moon on the water (possibly disrupted by light sources such as street lamps and lights). In November 2020, a 60-year old turtle, first tagged in November 1990 and again in 2011, returned to the same location. WWF launched an international effort to save wildlife in 1961, rescuing black rhinos—among many other species—from the brink of extinction. The species has a worldwide distribution, with Atlantic and Indo-Pacific subspecies—E. The World Wildlife Fund Australia (WWF-Australia) has several ongoing projects aiming at protecting the reptile. [33], While they are omnivorous, sea sponges are their principal food; they constitute 70–95% of the turtles' diets. The tail may extend past the hind flippers. [61] In Japan, the turtles are also harvested for their shell scutes, which are called bekko in Japanese. In addition, hawksbills choose sponge species with significant numbers of siliceous spicules, such as Ancorina, Geodia (G. gibberosa[4]), Ecionemia, and Placospongia. The cookie settings on this website are set to "allow cookies" to give you the best browsing experience possible. Suitable for budding conservationists and those with an interest in the science surrounding turtles, their biology and conservation. One of the hawksbill's more easily distinguished characteristics is the pattern of thick scutes that make up its carapace. Dahican Beach in Mati City, Davao Oriental hosts one of the most important hatcheries of its kind along with olive ridley sea turtles in the archipelagic country of the Philippines. The data given by the MTSG showed the worldwide hawksbill sea turtle population had declined by 80% in the three most recent generations, and no significant population increase occurred as of 1996. Fitzinger derived the genus name, Eretmochelys, from the Greek roots eretmo and chelys, corresponding to "oar" and "turtle", respectively. Nesting females reported between 53.3 and 95.5 cm carapace length, with weight between 27.2 and 86.2 kg. The national bird of St Lucia is the Saint Lucian Parrot (the Amazona versicolor), which is one of five native parrot species and 157 bird species that live on the island. population estimates for the critically endangered hawksbill turtle range from 83,000 to possibly only 57,000 individuals left worldwide. Sea turtles are not easy to count, so we use different methods to estimate population sizes. The turtle's shell, or carapace, has an amber background patterned with an irregular combination of light and dark streaks, with predominantly black and … An average of 2-6 years (depending on the species) can pass between active reproduction for each female. [76], On Rosemary Island, an island in the Dampier Archipelago off the Pilbara coast of Western Australia, volunteers have been monitoring hawksbill turtles since 1986. Largest ever recorded specimen was found dead on a beach on the coast of Wales. Mating season for Atlantic hawksbills usually spans April to November. [37], A series of biotic and abiotic cues, such as individual genetics, foraging quantity and quality,[45] or population density, may trigger the maturation of the reproductive organs and the production of gametes and thus determine sexual maturity. U.S. Dept. [2], The hawksbill's appearance is similar to that of other marine turtles. Caribbean populations feed primarily on the orders Astrophorida, Spirophorida, and Hadromerida in the class Demospongiae. Prior to this, the Japanese hawksbill shell trade was around 30,000 kg (66,000 lb) of raw shells per year. The species name imbricata is Latin, corresponding to the English term imbricate. Ones study (Ref. [35] Kemp’s Ridley and Flatback turtles each with a very … [31] Multi-national initiatives, such as the Eastern Pacific Hawksbill Initiative, are currently pushing efforts to research and conserve the population, which remains poorly understood. [13] Nonetheless, as recently as 2007, the species had been considered largely extirpated in the region. The sex of a sea turtle embryo is determined by the temperature of the sand: warm temperatures result in more females while cooler temperatures result in more males. [44] Like other sea turtles, hawksbills are solitary for most of their lives; they meet only to mate. However, a stressed turtle, entangled in a ghost net for instance, quickly uses up oxygen stored within its body and may drown within minutes if it cannot reach the surface. [37] Because of their tough carapaces, adults' only predators are sharks, estuarine crocodiles, octopuses, and some species of pelagic fish. The US government established several recovery plans[73] for protecting E. The reefs off the Kona Coast are complex ecosystems containing a world of colorful tropical fish, mysterious eels and graceful turtles. At the time of writing (June 2020), ... Hawksbill Turtles and Kemps Ridley Turtles. Additionally, sea turtles do not reproduce every year. [24] Commonly found in Singapore waters, hawksbill turtles have returned to areas such East Coast Park and Palau Satumu to nest. Everything you have ever wanted to know about sea turtles, from evolution to conservation. Swim among sea turtles and glide above dazzling coral reefs with a highly skilled diving guide off the coast of Les Saintes’ volcanic shoreline. It is estimated that one turtle can consume over 454 kilograms of sponges per year. An autopsy revealed that it had drowned. Adult hawksbill sea turtles are primarily found in tropical coral reefs. [10], The hawksbill sea turtle has been shown to be biofluorescent and is the first reptile recorded with this characteristic. [77], Species of marine reptile in the family Chelonidae, Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on. [60] In 1994, Japan stopped importing hawksbill shells from other nations. Turtles nesting in the Indo-Pacific region may reach maturity at a minimum of 30 to 35 years. They clear an area of debris and dig a nesting hole using their rear flippers, then lay clutches of eggs and cover them with sand. The largest terrestrial species, the Asian softshell turtle (Pelochelys cantorii), produced a few individuals up to … [1] Two petitions challenged its status as an endangered species prior to this, claiming the turtle (along with three other species) had several significant stable populations worldwide. [7], Crawling with an alternating gait, hawksbill tracks left in the sand are asymmetrical. Nesting green females reported curved carapace length 75-134 cm, weight (after egg deposition) 45-250 kg (!). After the hours-long process, the female returns to the sea. They are present across the Malay Archipelago and northern Australia. America is privileged with a stunning array of animals, plants, and wild destinations—each with its own incredible story. Leatherbacks are the largest sea turtles. In general it is best to evaluate conservation efforts by assessing trends. We can see that conservation measures are fruitful in certain areas, because the general numbers of observed turtle nests increased over the years, even though we do not have specific numbers for individual turtles in the area. [14] Their lifespan is unknown. [11][12], Hawksbill sea turtles have a wide range, found predominantly in tropical reefs of the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans. Although turtles can hold their breath for 45 minutes to one hour during routine activity, they normally dive for 4-5 minutes and surfaces to breathe for a few seconds in between dives. In the Indian Ocean, hawksbills are a common sight along the east coast of Africa, including the seas surrounding Madagascar and nearby island groups, and all along the southern Asian coast, including the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the coasts of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. [60] In China, where it was known as tai mei, the hawksbill is called the "tortoise-shell turtle", named primarily for its shell, which was used for making and decorating a variety of small items, as it was in the West. On average nesting and therefore adult female loggerheads have a curved carapace length of 65.1-114.9 cm and weigh between 40.0 and 180.7 kg. Eckert & T.H. Age at maturity has been estimated to occur between 10[47] and 25 years of age[48] for Caribbean hawksbills. We use cookies. Male sea turtles (except leatherbacks) have elongated, curved claws on their front flippers to help them grasp the female when mating. 2) found flatbacks to be between 87.5-96.5 cm. Assuming the average age at first nesting activity of 24 years, this would show that green turtles can live to up to at least 62 years. Raise Money for ORP When You Search The Web, Volunteer At The Marine Turtle Rescue Centre, Sea Turtle Research Expedition | Maldives, The Ghost Leash – A Dog Leash Made Of Ghost Net, Protecting Sea Turtles And Their Habitats. Its elongated, tapered head ends in a beak-like mouth (from which its common name is derived), and its beak is more sharply pronounced and hooked than others. Their existence is threatened due to pollution and loss of nesting areas because of coastal development. (2003). [25] In Hawaii, hawksbills mostly nest on the "main" islands of Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii. [58] In some parts of the world, hawksbill sea turtles are eaten as a delicacy. These petitions were rejected based on their analysis of data submitted by the Marine Turtle Specialist Group (MTSG). In the eastern Pacific, hawksbills are known to occur from the Baja Peninsula in Mexico south along the coast to southern Peru. Can sea turtles feel it when you touch their shell. [4] The turtle's shell, or carapace, has an amber background patterned with an irregular combination of light and dark streaks, with predominantly black and mottled-brown colors radiating to the sides.[5]. Green turtles have relatives that lived over 110 million years ago. Each photo of a turtle represents a recapture event documenting that the individual is still alive. "Growth rates of immature hawksbills (, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T8005A12881238.en, "Exclusive Video: First "Glowing" Sea Turtle Found", "Species Fact Sheet: 'FIGIS - Fisheries Global Information System", "Sea Turtle Conservation along the Atlantic Coast of Africa", "Uriel's journey home — a Young pawikan's story in Boracay", "Ocean Ambassadors - Philippine Turtle Islands", "Almost 120 critically endangered turtles hatch at Raffles Lighthouse island", "Hawksbill turtle monitoring in Cousin Island", "Signs of Hope in the Eastern Pacific: International collaboration reveals encouraging status of hawksbill turtles in the eastern Pacific", "Shifting the life-history paradigm: discovery of novel habitat use by hawksbill turtles", "Habitat utilization by juvenile hawksbill turtles (, "Information About Sea Turtles: Hawksbill Sea Turtle – Sea Turtle Conservancy", https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Eretmochelys_imbricata/, "Habitat Utilization and Migration in Juvenile Sea Turtles", "Atlantic Hawksbill Sea Turtle Fact Sheet", "Habitat effect on hawksbill turtle growth rates on feeding grounds at Mona and Monito Islands, Puerto Rico", "A Molecular Phylogeny for Marine Turtles: Trait Mapping, Rate Assessment, and Conservation Relevance", "Translations and Original Descriptions: Turtles", "Decade's long open trade in protected marine turtles along Java's south coast", "Tortoiseshell ban threatens Japanese tradition", "Turtles of the Caribbean: the curse of illegal trade", Red List Standards & Petitions Subcommittee, "Ruling of the IUCN Red List Standards and Petitions Subcommittee on Petitions against the 1996 Listings of Four Marine Turtle Species, 18 October 2001", "Recovery Plans for Endangered and Threatened Species", http://www.edgeofexistence.org/species/hawksbill-turtle/, "Endangered hawksbill turtles return to nest on Pilbara coast raising hopes for conservation", US National Marine Fisheries Service hawksbill sea turtle page, Australian Government Department of the Environment, turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawksbill_sea_turtle&oldid=1008484794, IUCN Red List critically endangered species, Articles with dead external links from May 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 23 February 2021, at 15:08. [37] Their life history can be divided into three phases, namely the pelagic phase, from hatching to about 20 cm, the benthic phase, when the immature turtles recruit to foraging areas, and the reproductive phase, when they reach sexual maturity. 55.6-66.0 cm carapace length, weight range of 25-54 kg for nesting females. Wild plants and animals from tens of thousands of species are caught or harvested from the wild and then sold legitimately as food, pets, ornamental plants, leather, tourist ornaments and medicine. Head to Haad Tien or Rocky Bay, also known as Shark Bay for the number of black-tip reef sharks you can snorkel alongside, For the best views of the island, head to the John-Suwan Viewpoint, Mango Viewpoint, and Two Views – the … [46] Green Turtles. Determining the economic value of protected species helps us determine the benefits and value of our corresponding conservation and recovery efforts. Hawksbill Turtles Some of the sponges they eat, such as Aaptos aaptos, Chondrilla nucula, Tethya actinia, Spheciospongia vesparium, and Suberites domuncula, are highly (often lethally) toxic to other organisms. The subspecies was originally described as Caretta bissa; the term referred to the then-species being the second species in the genus. Like many reptiles, all marine turtles of a same aggregation are highly unlikely to reach sexual maturity at the same size and thus age. Because of this, its evolutionary position is somewhat unclear. [19][62] In the West, hawksbill sea turtle shells were harvested by the ancient Greeks and ancient Romans for jewellery, such as combs, brushes, and rings. In general, it has a flattened body shape, a protective carapace, and flipper-like limbs, adapted for swimming in the open ocean. Although they commend the gradual replacement of turtles caught wild with farm-raised turtles in the marketplace – the percentage of farm-raised individuals in the "visible" trade grew from around 30% in 2000 to around 70% in 2007 – they worry that many wild animals are caught to provide farmers with … They are highly migratory. Hawksbills mate biannually in secluded lagoons off their nesting beaches in remote islands throughout their range. [8][9], Due to its consumption of venomous cnidarians, hawksbill sea turtle flesh can become toxic. Thanks to persistent conservation efforts across Africa, the total number of black rhinos grew from 2,410 in 1995 to more than 5,000 today. Adult hawksbill sea turtles typically grow to 1 m (3 ft) in length, weighing around 80 kg (180 lb) on average. [65], In 1982, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species first listed E. imbricata as endangered. population estimates for the critically endangered hawksbill turtle range from 83,000 to possibly only 57,000 individuals left worldwide. pp 207. On average leatherbacks measure 1.5 – 2m (4-6 ft) long and weigh 300 – 500 kg (660 to 1,100 lbs). These include remigration interval, proportion identified & resighted females, sex ratio etc. Many adult turtles have been killed by humans, both accidentally and deliberately. Since turtles can lay more than one clutch per year, the number of nests does not directly translate to adult females in a population. Males have more intense pigmentation than females, and a behavioural role of these differences is speculated. The largest living chelonian is the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), which reaches a shell length of 200 cm (6.6 ft) and can reach a weight of over 900 kg (2,000 lb).Freshwater turtles are generally smaller. The turtles are still, today, exploited for food and trinkets, putting wild populations continually in danger. finder.com has you covered for your next movie marathon. Suitable for all sea turtles lovers and those who want to learn more about these fascinating creatures. It is the only primarily spongivorous reptile. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Workshop on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology. A recent publication evaluating this process recommends caution that our current overall estimates of population sizes might still be too optimistic. i. imbricata and E. i. bissa, respectively. Their Pacific range is limited to the ocean's tropical and subtropical regions. Another study (Ref. The World Conservation Union, primarily as a result of human fishing practices, classifies E. imbricata as critically endangered. Biologists estimate that the hawksbill population has declined 80 percent in the past 100–135 years. [71], The species (along with the entire family Cheloniidae) has been listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. They can live upwards of 70 years and are slow to mature. It is used in various personal implements, such as eyeglass frames and the shamisen (Japanese traditional three-stringed instrument) picks. They feed in the waters off Cuba[19] and around Mona Island near Puerto Rico[20] among other places. As far back as the fifth century BC, sea turtles, including the hawksbill, were eaten as delicacies in China. Throughout the world, hawksbill sea turtles are taken by humans, though it is illegal to hunt them in many countries. The largest leatherback ever recorded was 2,56 m (8.4 ft) long and weighed 916 kg (2,019 lbs) ! On Nov. 8, 2020, two nests with eggs were found by community-­based scientists who have been constantly monitoring the area. However, after reaching sexual maturity male sea turtles develop a long tail, which houses the reproductive organ. The hawksbill sea turtle appears on the reverse side of the Venezuelan 20-bolivar and the Brazilian 2-reais banknotes. [75], Local involvement in conservation efforts has also increased in the past few years. [3] It is prohibited to import or export turtle products, or to kill, capture, or harass hawksbill sea turtles. CR A2 status was denied, however, because the IUCN did not find sufficient data to show the population likely to decrease by a further 80% in the future. The turtle was highly emaciated and missing a front flipper. A study of nesting green turtles in Hawaii observed female turtles returning to nest for up to 38 years after they were first identified. One such measure used is the annual number of nesting events in each population. Highlight: The waters surrounding Derawan are known to be a home to manta rays and green turtles. And, there are so many ways to … Boulon, R.H. 1989. Our nature reserves and most nature parks (Dairy Farm, Chestnut, Hindhede, Kranji Marshes, Windsor) are closed at night to allow our native fauna, many of which are nocturnal, to feed and breed without being interrupted by human activity. Scientists take several factors into account when they convert observed nesting activity into the estimated population size. St Lucia is well-known for its vast variety of birdlife! CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Mortimer, J.A., Collie, J., Jupiter, T. Chapman, R. Liljevik, A. and Betsy, B. The heaviest hawksbill ever captured weighed 127 kg (280 lb). Get to know the amazing wildlife in your backyard and beyond. Recent estimates show us that there are nearly 6.5 million sea turtles left in the wild with very different numbers for each species, e.g. Inhabiting tropical waters in the Pacific and Atlantic, they can travel 1,000s of miles in their lifetime. [57] Caretta is the genus of the hawksbill's much larger relative, the loggerhead sea turtle. Sea turtles have been on the earth for 100 million years, but there are only around 15,000 Hawksbills in the world that … The nominate subspecies is the Atlantic taxon, because Linnaeus' type specimen was from the Atlantic.[56]. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species outlaws the capture and trade of hawksbill sea turtles and products derived from them. Turtles are a common … [74], The Zoological Society of London has inscribed the reptile as an EDGE species. 62. The man o' war's stinging cells cannot penetrate the turtles' armored heads. As many as 45 of these species can be found in the rainforest, including three species of hummingbirds – the … In cold water during winter, when they are effectively hibernating, they can hold their breath for up to 7 hours. [35], Not much is known about the life history of hawksbills. Rezeptebuch | Hier findest Du kreative und einzigartige Rezepte! E. imbricata bissa (Rüppell, 1835) E. imbricata imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766), The hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is a critically endangered sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae. Individual turtles can be tracked for a shorter time of six month to three years with the help of satellite transmitters. Richardson (Compilers). [6][14] Their nests can be found throughout beaches in about 60 countries. Growth Rates of Wild Juvenile Hawksbill Turtles. Longterm studies rely on capture-recapture principle, just like our turtle photo id project. [51], Linnaeus originally described the hawksbill sea turtle as Testudo imbricata in 1766, in the 12th edition of his Systema Naturae. [34] However, like many spongivores, they feed only on select species, ignoring many others. Most visitors will be able to spot turtles wading about on the island's spotless silvery beaches. Similar estimates have been made for loggerhead turtles. [6] They also feed on the dangerous jellyfish-like hydrozoan, the Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis). They face poaching, habitat loss, and are affected by human activities daily. E. i. bissa (Rüppell, 1835) refers to populations that reside in the Pacific Ocean. When sea turtles are juveniles, it is very difficult to tell their sex by eye as they do not differ externally. Virgin Island turtle tags recovered outside the U. S. Virgin Islands. Of all the sea turtle species, E. imbricata is the one most associated with warm tropical waters. In the west, it extends from the southwestern tips of the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago south to northern New Zealand. Memo. [55] The Atlantic population is a separate subspecies, E. i. imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766). Consensus has determined sea turtles, including E. imbricata to be, at the very least, threatened species because of their slow growth and maturity, and slow reproductive rates. Business Heroes 2020; ... Green and Loggerhead turtles nest on beaches all around the islands and Hawksbill turtles can be seen in the waters while snorkelling or scuba diving. These turtles have been harvested for their beautiful shell since Egyptian times, and the material known as tortoiseshell is normally from the hawksbill. Molecular analyses support placement of Eretmochelys within the taxonomic tribe Carettini, which includes the carnivorous loggerhead and ridley sea turtles, rather than in the tribe Chelonini, which includes the herbivorous green turtle. The hawksbill's forelimbs have two visible claws on each flipper. [21] A small group of islands in the southwest of the archipelago has been named the "Turtle Islands" because two species of sea turtles nest there: the hawksbill and the green sea turtle. [6] The hawksbill appears to frequently employ its sturdy shell to insert its body into tight spaces in reefs. Hawksbill turtles, green sea turtles and Hawaiian monk seals all lay their claim to this unique strand too. The actual documentation of a sea turtle’s age in the wild is difficult or nearly impossible. For an amazing experience head to Bundaberg during turtle hatching season to watch the baby turtles head to the sea for the first time after hatching. Species valuation studies assess the national benefits derived from threatened and endangered marine species, including fish, sea turtles, marine mammals, and seabirds. [58], The United States Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service have classified hawksbills as endangered under the Endangered Species Act[72] since 1970. The olive and kemp’s ridley sea turtles are the smallest species, growing only to about 70 cm (just over 2 feet) in shell length and weighing up to 45 kg (100 lbs). Indian Ocean populations, such as the Seychelles hawksbill population, mate from September to February. [13][14][15] They live off the Brazilian coast (specifically Bahia, Fernando de Noronha) through southern Florida and the waters off Virginia.[4]. The largest loggerhead was reported stranded in 1938 on the welsh coast (Tenby, Pembrokshire) with a carapace length of 146.7 cm. Sea turtles can hold their breath for several hours, depending on their level of activity. Heading to The Great Barrier Reef gives you the best chance to swim with wild turtles such as the loggerhead, hawksbill and the rarer green turtle. In 2006, processed shells were regularly available, often in large amounts, in countries including the Dominican Republic and Colombia.[64]. These newly emergent hatchlings are dark-colored, with heart-shaped carapaces measuring around 2.5 cm (0.98 in) long. It is the only extant species in the genus Eretmochelys. The turtle's carapace can reach almost 1 m (3 ft) in length. [22] In January 2016, a juvenile was seen in Gulf of Thailand. Aside from sponges, hawksbills feed on algae, marine plants,[36] cnidarians, comb jellies and other jellyfish, sea anemones, mollusks, fish and crustaceans. Hawksbills close their unprotected eyes when they feed on these cnidarians. While its carapace has five central scutes and four pairs of lateral scutes like several members of its family, E. imbricata's posterior scutes overlap in such a way as to give the rear margin of its carapace a serrated look, similar to the edge of a saw or a steak knife. The world may be in the middle of a sixth mass extinction, a catastrophic consequence of climate change, ... How many Hawksbill turtles are left in the wild? [63] The bulk of the world's hawksbill shell trade originates in the Caribbean. The baby turtles, usually weighing less than 24 g (0.85 oz) hatch at night after around two months. The heaviest hawksbill ever captured weighed 127 kg (280 lb). Boulon, R. (1994). If you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click "Accept" below then you are consenting to this. Hawksbill shells slightly change colors, depending on water temperature. According to US-based seeturtles.org, by consuming sponges, hawksbill turtles aid corals in growth. [53] In 1857, the species was temporarily misdescribed as Eretmochelys imbricata squamata. [9] After mating, females drag their heavy bodies high onto the beach during the night. [3], Adult hawksbill sea turtles typically grow to 1 m (3 ft) in length, weighing around 80 kg (180 lb) on average. [59] Along the south coast of Java, stuffed hawksbill turtles are sold in souvenir shops, though numbers have decreased in the last two decades. imbricata. [49][50], Within the sea turtles, E. imbricata has several unique anatomical and ecological traits. It is unknown if this is derived from the turtle's diet, which includes biofluorescent organisms like the hard coral Physogyra lichtensteini. [6][32] Little is known about the habitat preferences of early life-stage E. imbricata; like other young sea turtles, they are assumed to be completely pelagic, remaining at sea until they mature.

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