descriptive representation pros and cons

(2012). State feminism and political representation. Mansbridge, J. Michele L. Swers is associate professor of government at Georgetown University. This allows more people to benefit from the decisions the government makes when compared with other types of ruling structures. Liza Hollis has been writing for print and online publications since 2003. Yet, demographically speaking, Congress as a whole is still a long way from where the country is and remains largely white, male, and wealthy. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Volume 52, Issue 3. Reliance on analytical thinki ng. Or at least, that's one theory. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Christiano, T. (2012). The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. The 114th Congress, which began in January 2015, had a historically large percentage of racial and ethnic minorities. Even though the movie broke some barriers, Disney and other film companies still have more progress to make to adequately represent their viewers. The rapid increase in the minority population has led to some backlash and challenges for law, Descriptive Representation In The United States, Descriptive representation has been on the rise for some time. Use descriptive statistics to summarize and graph the data for a group that you choose. data sets are independent of each other most widely used method of data representation. This however has created an increase in of social anxiety among some people in American. Thirdly and lastly, I will outline the implications that descriptive and substantive representation have on MEM representatives and voters, and the lessons learnt from studying Ngo as a MEM political representative. Morone, J. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. world (descriptive representation), and the second focuses on effects of women's presence in parliament (substantive representation). Towards a European union gender equality index. Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. Quantitativist. Weak coalition government:Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. One of the biggest advantages of descriptive research is that it allows you to analyze facts and helps you in developing an in-depth understanding of the research problem. Voice, trust, and memory: Marginalized groups and the failings of liberal representation. She went to law school after being denied admission to medical school because of her gender. Racial profiling and stereotyping are just two forms in which minorities have been facing for years. Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. Should Congress Look Like America? Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Typically, multiple representation involves the buyer and seller. Democratic political theory. Descriptive Representation and Intergroup Relations in Comparative Perspective. The more people feel less repressed by the authority the more they feel like they can speak and actual have their voices heard. The Journal of Politics, 64(4), 11531174. Krizsan, A., Skjeie, H., & Squires, J. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. How Do Parliamentarians Define Descriptive Representation? Disadvantages of proportional representation. The closest comparative system would be the representative republic, such as used in the United States. that: The most affecting descriptive writing results from an author's providing not a linguistic blueprint of a library but the raw material (the air tinged with the scent of old pages, the shafts of dusty light through the window slats, the whispers, like trickling water, of the librarians behind the oval reference desk) from which the reader can erect her own library. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. We use cookies and similar technologies to ensure our website works properly, personalize your browsing experience, analyze how you use our website, and deliver relevant ads to you. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. The Great Compromise And The Basics Of Bicameralism, Senate Representation And House Apportionment, Summary of the Institutional Design of Congress, Types Of Representation: Looking Out For Constituents, Collective Representation And Congressional Approval, Summary of House and Senate Organizations, Continue With the Mobile App | Available on Google Play, https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/. West European Politics, 36(3), 447473. 3. - Volume 55 Issue 2. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Lovenduski, J. The body is responsible for implementing and drafting . In Y. Galligan (Ed. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. Ethnic Heterogeneity Ethnic Heterogeneity also known as ethnic diversity is another variable associated with social disorganization theory that I consider to be one of the. Inclusion and democracy. Purpose. The pros: Its the best way to collect data without bias. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. The mission of the fellowship is to support and advance academic and practitioner-scholars in their gender-related research. Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. Cambridge: Polity Press. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. (1996). 3. Guinier, L. (1994). Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. Previous Figure Next Figure. (1999). The documentary forces us to, The United States is the most racially diverse nation in the world. In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Aldershot: Ashgate. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. ), States of democracy: Gender and politics in Europe. The family has visited numerous places throughout the United States, however, none are as memorable as Atlanta, Georgia. 9. Acta Politica, 4, 389403. 1. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). While women and minorities remain underrepresented in Congress, some individual legislators have achieved seniority and enough political clout necessary to move into leadership positions. Research Fellowship Program Other Program and Initiatives As Shaw and McKay, found out that the rates of crime were not evenly spread out across areas of the city, and around the city. Implicit Standards for Evaluating Representatives . License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/9e28f580-0d1b-4d72-8795-c48329947ac2@1. Signs, 19(3), 713738. Source publication Pros, Cons, and Changing Behavior: An. MMP will give voters more power in their decisions as well as create the kind of democratic government Canada is in dire need of. You can get a decent soundbar at $200-300. However, they also have some cons, such as low sound quality and low battery life. Public opinion and the Australian aid budget, 2000-2013, Black Legislative Politics: Examining the Issue of Voting Rights in the Post- Hurricane Katrina Period, The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Party on Atittudes towards Descriptive Representation, Issues and Candidates: Colorado Latino/a Vote Choices, Granting Local Voting Rights to Non-Citizens in Estonia and Latvia: The Conundrum of Minority Representation in Two Divided Democracies, Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Womens Political Representation Worldwide, Turkish Journal of Politics (TJP) Vol. Pros of Representative Democracy. List of Pros of Bicameral Legislature. https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, CC BY. . ), Deliberative systems: Deliberative democracy at the large scale. 1. New York: Free Press. Today, EMILYs List, a PAC founded in 1985 to help elect pro-choice Democratic women to office, plays a major role in fundraising for female candidates. https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/, CC BY. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. All names, acronyms, logos and trademarks displayed on this website are those of their respective owners. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. Is the ideal of deliberative democracy coherent? These descriptive The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Arena Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Sognsveien 68, 0855, Oslo, Norway, You can also search for this author in Toggle navigation. You might also like. ), Women, politics, and change (pp. Saarbrcken: VDM Verlag Dr. Mller. Tests: The Cognitive Impact of Descriptive Representation. Aldershot: Ashgate. Women, policy and politics: The construction of policy problems. Democracy With Adequate Representation. Discover the world's research Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628657. There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Perhaps youve even made it yourself. A., & Marmor, T. R. (1981). The chapter discusses the costs and benefits of descriptive representation under state feminism in the light of institutional variation and the fact of reasonable normative disagreement. Pros. (1993). Affordable. Something about the areas needed to clarify the distinctions. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. Professionals often use descriptive statistics to communicate simple trends within a data set. New York: Routledge. While descriptive statistics are used to present raw data in an accurate way, inferential statistics are used to apply inferences derived from a data sample to the larger data population. Fraser, N. (2013). Currently, forty-six African Americans serve in Congress. A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. descriptive representation is the extent to which a representative or legislative body resembles a given constituent and her social or demographic identities. Ideally, governmental policies aim to defend citizens of a specific territory by setting laws that promote and implement egalitarianism. An example of descriptive statistics would be finding a pattern that comes from the data you've taken. For example, although more than half the U.S. population is female, only 20 percent of Congress is. Patsy Mink (a), a Japanese American from Hawaii, was the first Asian American woman elected to the House of Representatives. While qualitative research may be hard to argue against because it involves numbers and tests, questions of the researchers motive and method often arise. Firstly, I will discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation for MEM groups. Pros of Representative Democracy. both quantitative and qualitative research. (2005a). Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Proportional Representation Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. One of the critical factors in understanding why a few blocks are preferable at controlling wrongdoing over others needs to do with open communities connections among individuals in the area. Martin, J. R. (1994). This could mean different agents from the same brokerage or even the same agent represents multiple clients. However, they no longer go gentle into that goodnight. Engelstad, F., & Teigen, M. (2012). Holst, C. (2014). In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. \(\overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=} \). Grofman, B. Copyright 2020 Chemtech Speciality India Pvt. Wagle Estate, Thane-400604, Maharashtra, India. / Home; / About; descriptive representation pros and cons Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. By conducting research and engaging with faculty and students at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond, the fellows enrich the intellectual life of the center. While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. 1. Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. The advantages of using tables and graphs to organize data include easy visualization of statistics, poignant descriptions of data, the provision of a summary of the overall work and the interest people show to graphics over words, according to Texas A&M University. Mart, J. L. (2006). This conclusion is complicated by the fact that some regard equal group level outcomes not as a good in and by itself but as the best available proxy for equal opportunities given available data and conventional statistical techniques (Phillips 2004). Young, I. M. (1994). The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature. The pros and cons of descriptive research analysis. Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. The affirmative action controversy. 1. The innocent are no longer afraid to pursue their first amendment and to remind others that we are all created equal. Olsen, J. P. (2013). Women in parliaments: Descriptive and substantive representation. Reisel, L. (2014). Nevertheless in a country where nearly 50% of Americans under 18 are minorities, the future looks quite hopeful for real change. Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, Her work has appeared on various digital properties, including USAToday.com. It may not be until one is pursing their final years of high school, or perhaps even in college when they are aware of Americas history of possessing a highly restrictive political system. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Gender representation and quotas. While this observation highlights why it is impossible to include every subgroup all the time, it should not distract from the need of including ethnic and regional minorities in processes of decision-making, and certainly not be seen as a licence to exclude large groups of society. Highlight the major advantages and disadvantages of the product, process, strategy, idea, etc. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. It is based on the belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in key demographic characteristics as gender, ethnicity, or religion. In S. Besson & J. L. Mart (Eds. that is one example, One of their most vital discoveries was that distinction in wrongdoing rates crosswise over territories did not change with changes in the populace yet remained steady crosswise over time. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Citing Literature. While women in many western states could vote sooner, all women were not able to exercise their right to vote nationwide until passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, and they began to make up more than 5 percent of either chamber only in the 1990s. It is always recommended to visit an institution's official website for more information. In J. Klausen & C. Maier (Eds. However, in substantive representation, it is not necessary for the representative to have a similar background or shared characteristics with the people he represents. 2. Weldon, L. S. (2002). (1995). ), Redistribution or recognition? A contingent yes. Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Swain, C. M. (1993). In our current system, voters are given one vote to . The institutional basis of democratic accountability. New York: Verso. Feminism, epistemology and morality. Often times in American history, unselected natural characteristics such as race and ethnicity have served as keen factors permitting unequal treatment of individuals and at creating barriers placing minority groups at a disadvantage when attempting to practice influence over the government. The safest position would be to say that results are "mixed . There are many different types of data presentation. When nondescriptive representatives have, for various reasons, greater SDLC models might have a different approach but the basic phases and activity remain the same for all the models. Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. The rise of the unelected. In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. The two main types of representation are descriptive and agency representation. (2002). Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 21(2). Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. (2005b). Qualitative Research Pros & Cons . The goal of a time restriction is to create a measurable outcome so that metrics can be in place. CrossRef The research can utilize methods such as surveys, observation, field experiments, interviews and number analysis. Learn how your comment data is processed. Surprising as it may seem, some teachers don't think grades are a useful tool. Norris, P., & Franklin, M. (1997). It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. While Tables can be useful if trying to. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. 1. Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. Discrimination has not fallen short in any way and continues to build barriers for many people of color. References. It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project. By making the decision-making process more . It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. Rational deliberation among experts and citizens. List of the Cons of Proportional Representation 1. Would perfect mobility be perfect? Social representation. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. $\endgroup . In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. In: Danielsen, H., Jegerstedt, K., Muriaas, R., Ytre-Arne, B. Crenshaw, K. (1991). These questions are all the more important given that Latinos are the single largest minority group in the country and growing at exponential rates. Part of Springer Nature. Nothing bores me faster than description.. Bone conduction headphones have many pros, including no ear wax build-up or infections, and they can be helpful for people with tinnitus. In B. Grofman et al. From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. The closer assessment of pros and cons will. Horizontal Communication 6. Proportional representation is a complicated form of election. Pearl Necklace for Women, 18K Gold Staion Neckalce Tin Cup Pearl Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. One example of this is the district context hypothesis that states that individuals in districts. 10 Anson Road,#11-20, International Plaza, Singapore-079903. The 116th Congress has been the most racially and ethnically diverse in U.S. history, with 56 Black members, 43 Hispanic members, 17 Asian members, and four Native American members. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Descriptive studies include case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surveys (cross-sectional) studies, which measure the frequency of several factors, and hence the size of the problem. At the heart of freedom: Feminism, sex & equality. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation: Womens Quotas, Variations in State Feminism and the Fact of Reasonable Pluralism. While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. While descriptive statistics describe data, inferential statistics allows you to make predictions from data. Peter, F. (2011). Habermas, J. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. A main aspect of marginalization. Lafont, C. (2006). It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. At extended last, mindful neighbors will probably concur upon common issues and cooperate to explain, As we look at social disorganization theory we knew that they were using spatial maps to look at the locations of juveniles. Rita Williams Garcia Net Worth, It is complicated: One of the major draw back of this system is that it is too confusing. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. Nussbaum, M. (1999). Cookies are small files that are stored on your browser. Young, I. M. (2000). Movies represent cultural values and Disney's legacy of mostly white princesses depicts our racist society. 1. The actual empirical variation and the detailed characteristics of state feminism around the globe are different matters and not the topic of this chapter. (eds) Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the "what is" of a topic. It is also known as the linear sequential model. Accountability and political representation of national minorities: a forgotten link? The 113th Congress, has twenty-eight Hispanic U.S. 38 E Locust St, Mechanicsburg, Pa, Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. The procedures involved with experimental research make it possible to isolate specific variables within virtually any topic. University of Neuchtel. The expansion of minority and female representation still continues at a slow pace. Fortunes of feminism. Democracy and the new separation of powers. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. The descriptive representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. Minorities have endured many forms of social injustices. Teigen, M. (2000). This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. Equal outcomes on an individual level would have implied that each and every individual got the same bundle of goods and burdens in question.

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