sulla primary sources

[98] He separately besieged Athens and Piraeus (the Long Walls had since been demolished). Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) He can hardly have been in any doubt. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. J. 1011 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. Wikipedia entry. Primary sources are first-hand evidence related to the time or event you are investigating.This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio or visual materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.. Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. Some of these historians lived at the time of the events, and therefore, may actually be primary sources, but others, especially Plutarch (CE 45-125), who covers men from multiple eras, lived later than the events they describe. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics. The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over". [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from His execution in AD 62 on the orders of emperor Nero made him the last of the Cornelii Sullae. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. be determined. They are often based on primary sources. Turning south, he engaged the Pontic army allegedly 90,000[101] on the plain of Orchomenus. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Find & Discover | Primary Sources at Yale Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for Julius Caesar's dictatorship, and for the eventual end of the Republic under Augustus. Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. Plutarch - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. The Social War - Spartacus Educational A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. "[133][134], At the end of 82 BC or the beginning of 81 BC,[135] the Senate appointed Sulla dictator legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa ("dictator for the making of laws and for the settling of the constitution"). Five reasons why primary sources should be used for teaching Updated on October 07, 2019. In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. Pueblo, CO 81001. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. Sulla - World History Encyclopedia In . However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. Primary and Secondary Sources: How Should They Be Used? Ancient Historians of Roman History - ThoughtCo Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . Book Sources: Bloody Sunday - Selma to Montgomery March (1965) A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. Primary vs. Secondary Sources | Difference & Examples - Scribbr The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, when the U.S. Congress agreed to a declaration of war. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. [116] Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus who had dangerously divided their forces. When Gods Collide - Sulla and Marius - The 5 Most Titanic Military No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. [2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. The later battle, at Orchomenus, was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Hanover Historical Texts Collection - History Department Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. Primary Source Terms:. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . This, of course, made him very popular with the poorer citizens. Copy of Fall of Rome, Primary Sources - DocsLib [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. Marius, Sulla, and the Fall of the Roman Republic To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Partian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals with Rome as superior. Primary Sources Sallust. Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. Tools for primary source analysis. Primary sources are documents, images, relics, or other works that provide firsthand details of a historical or scientific event. Lucius Cornelius Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.) - ThoughtCo Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE) was a ruthless military commander, who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius.His relationship with Marius soured during the conflicts that would follow and lead to a rivalry which would only end with Marius' death.Sulla eventually seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his . He was also notorious for his personal relationships . The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. From 133BC and the start of Tiberius Gracchus' land reforms, Italian communities were displaced from de jure Roman public lands over which no title had been enforced for generations. Deciding whether a source is primary or secondary is sometimes confusing. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. Historical documents : how to read them. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. What Is a Primary Source? - Definition & Examples - Study.com Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. [104] When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla personally rallied his men on foot and stabilised the area. PDF 1 Marius' Mules: Paving the Path to Power Mary Wright Seminar Paper His primary duty was the defeat of Mithridates and the re-establishment of Roman power in the east. Marius was elected consul and, through assignment by tribunician legislation, took over the campaign. Revised on November 11, 2022. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius, Marius' son, Sulpicius, and nine others. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. Sources | Legacy of Sulla Wiki | Fandom [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. What is a Primary Source? - Library Research Guide for the History of He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. [127] In the north at the same time, Norbanus was defeated and fled for Rhodes, where he eventually committed suicide. [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. Gnaeus Carbo attempted to lift the Siege of Praeneste but failed and fled to Africa. For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. His son, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, issued denarii bearing the name of the dictator,[151] as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. [131] The purge went on for several months. Sulla's Reforms as Dictator - World History Encyclopedia [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. Roman military leaders. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. Primary Sources: The 1960s: Selma to Montgomery March (1965) The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, Atellan farces, a kind of crude comedy. The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Encyclopedia.com Biographies of historical and famous people. [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . The Steamboat Adventure. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted offensive campaigning. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. With Sulpicius able to enact legislation without consular opposition, Sulla discovered that Marius had tricked him, for the first piece of legislation Sulpicius brought was a law transferring the command against Mithridates to Marius. He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". Primary vs. Secondary - Primary Sources: A Research Guide - Research Copyright statement. For other uses, see, Portrait of Sulla on a denarius minted in 54 BC by his grandson, They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. At the same time, Mithridates attempted to force a land battle in northern Greece, and dispatched a large army across the Hellespont. He was, however, defeated. He brought Pompeii under siege. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage. The Pros and Cons of Teaching with Primary Sources - ProQuest The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. Published by at 29, 2022. [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus).

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